近30年全球干旱半干旱区的蒸散变化特征

张霞; 李明星; 马柱国

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1709.16288

近30年全球干旱半干旱区的蒸散变化特征

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1709.16288

张霞^{1, 2,},
李明星^1, ,,
马柱国^{1, 2}

1.
中国科学院大气物理研究所东亚区域气候-环境重点实验室, 北京 100029
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

基金项目:

公益性行业（气象）科研专项（重大专项） GYHY201506001-1

国家自然科学基金项目 41575087

国家自然科学基金项目 41530532

详细信息

作者简介:
张霞, 女, 1993年出生, 硕士研究生, 主要从事全球及区域气候变化的研究。E-mail:zhangxia@tea.ac.cn

通讯作者:
李明星, E-mail:limx@tea.ac.cn

中图分类号: P426.2
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-12-19
- 网络出版日期: 2017-09-12
- 刊出日期: 2018-03-15

Evapotranspiration Variability over Global Arid and Semi-arid Regions from 1982 to 2011

Xia ZHANG^{1, 2
,},
Mingxing LI^{1
, ,},
Zhuguo MA^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Funds:

China Special Fund for Meteorological Research in the Public Interest GYHY201506001-1

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41575087

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41530532

摘要

摘要: 全球变暖加剧了气候系统能量和水分循环相互作用的变化，水分平衡变化导致极端旱涝事件频发。地表蒸散是能量水分循环的重要过程，是理解气候变化的关键环节。本文基于1982~2011年FLUXNET-MTE观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料，分析了全球干旱半干旱区蒸散的时空变化特征及典型区域的变幅、趋势和季节变化。结果表明：（1）干旱半干旱区多年平均蒸散量小于300 mm。冬季蒸散量最小，夏季最大且变率也最强。1990年代前后，干旱半干旱区蒸散发生了明显的年代际转变，暖季的年代际差异尤为明显。（2）近30年来，东半球干旱半干旱区蒸散量呈增加趋势，西半球呈减小趋势。典型区域来看，南非呈显著增加趋势[25.14 mm（10 a）^-1]，美国西南部呈显著减小趋势[-19.86 mm（10 a）^-1]；萨赫勒、中国北部和澳大利亚呈增加趋势，阿根廷及智利南部呈减小趋势。（3）蒸散变化与温度、降水的变化联系密切，三者具有相似的年循环变化，但三者间相关性在干旱半干旱区具有显著的差异性。
- 蒸散量 /
- FLUXNET-MTE观测资料 /
- ERA-Interim再分析资料 /
- 区域对比
Abstract: Global warming has greatly intensified interactions between energy and water cycles in the climate system. Changes in the water balance increase the occurrence of regional floods and droughts. As a key component of energy-water interactions, surface evapotranspiration (ET) is important for understanding climate change. This paper focuses on the spatiotemporal variation of ET across global arid and semi-arid regions, especially its regional differences, using observations (FLUXNET-MTE) and reanalysis (ERA-Interim) dataset during 1982-2011. The results show that:(1) Mean annual ET is less than 300 mm across arid and semi-arid regions. Seasonally, minimum ET appears in winter, while maximum ET and the largest variability both appear in summer. A decadal negative-to-positive happened in the 1990s, which is particularly obvious in warm seasons. (2) At hemispheric scale, the ET variation shows a positive trend in the Eastern Hemisphere, whereas an opposite trend occurs in the western hemisphere in the last 30 years. Regarding those typical regions, ET in South Africa significantly increases by 25.14 mm (10 a)⁻¹, while that in the Southwest U.S. significantly decreases by 19.86 mm (10 a)⁻¹ (both at the confidence level of 99%). Moreover, ET slightly increases in Sahel, northern China and Australia, but slightly decreases in southern Argentina and Chile. (3) The ET variability is coupled with variations of temperature and precipitation with a similar annual cycle. However, the spatial patterns of correlation between ET and temperature/precipitation are heterogeneous across the arid and semi-arid regions.
- Evapotranspiration /
- FLUXNET-MTE observations /
- ERA-Interim reanalysis /
- Regional comparison

HTML全文

图 1 FLUXNET全球陆地观测站点的分布图（https://fluxnet.ornl.gov/introduction [2017-3-31]）

Figure 1. Sites distribution of the FLUXNET global network (https://fluxnet.ornl.gov/introduction [2017-3-31])

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图 2 1982~2011年（a、c）蒸散量均值和（b、d）线性变化趋势（斜线区为通过95%信度水平检验）的空间分布：（a、b）FLUXNET-MTE观测数据；（c、d）ERA-Interim再分析数据。空白区为数据缺测区域

Figure 2. Spatial distributions of (a, c) the mean values of ET (Evapotranspiration) and (b, d) linear trends of ET from 1982 to 2011, hatched areas in (b) and (d) denote the 95% confidence level. (a, b) FLUXNET-MTE observations; (c, d) ERA-Interim reanalysis. Blank areas have no observations

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图 3 1982~2011年FLUXNET-MTE与ERA-Interim数据年蒸散量（a）对应格点的相关系数的空间分布[打点区域表示通过95%信度水平检验，方框表示所选六个典型区域的范围（详见表 1）]以及（b）空间相关系数的时间变化

Figure 3. (a) Spatial pattern of temporal correlation coefficient and (b) temporal evolution of spatial correlation coefficient between FLUXNET-MTE and ERA-Interim data for annual evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2011. In (a), dotted areas denote 95% confidence level, the rectangles denote six typical areas selected (see Table 1 for details)

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图 4 （a–f）六个典型区域标准化蒸散量的年际变化。AVG表示两套数据的算术平均，图中括号内数字表示两套数据的相关系数，所有区域均通过95%信度水平检验

Figure 4. Temporal evolutions of standardized annual ET for (a–f) six typical regions. AVG denotes the average of the two datasets. Values in parentheses indicate correlation coefficient between the two datasets passing the 95% confidence level

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图 5 全球干旱半干旱区蒸散均值（左列）及其变化趋势（右列；斜线区表示通过95%信度水平检验）空间分布的季节变化。黑色曲线表示干旱半干旱区边界线（地表湿润指数0.5等值线）

Figure 5. Spatial distributions of averaged seasonal values (left column) and their linear trends (right column; hatched areas: 95% confidence level) of ET across global arid and semi-arid regions. Black curves: arid and semi-arid boundary (contours that surface wetness index is 0.5)

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图 6 1982~2011年全球陆地（60°S~60°N）的（a）蒸散距平及其（b）离散功率谱分析。红色虚线表示标准差

Figure 6. (a) Evapotranspiration anomalies and (b) spectrum analysis over global land (60°S–60°N) from 1982 to 2011. Red dotted lines denote standard deviation

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图 7 （a）1982~1986年和（b）1997~2001年全球陆地蒸散量的距平百分率值的空间分布。黑色曲线表示干旱半干旱区边界线（地表湿润指数0.5等值线）

Figure 7. Spatial distributions of percentage ET anomaly (a) from 1982 to 1986 and (b) from 1997 to 2001 over global land. Black curves: arid and semi-arid boundary (contours that surface wetness index is 0.5)

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图 8 六个典型干旱半干旱区蒸散量的年际变化。“ *”表示变化趋势通过95%信度水平检验

Figure 8. Annually averaged time series of ET values in six typical arid and semi-arid areas. "*" denotes the 95% confidence level

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图 9 1982~2011年六个典型区蒸散量的统计分析（频率分布直方图以及概率拟合曲线）

Figure 9. Statistical analysis of ET values in six typical areas from 1982 to 2011 (frequency histograms and probability fitting curves)

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图 10 六个典型干旱半干旱区逐月标准化蒸散量、降水量和温度的趋势变化

Figure 10. Time series of trend coefficients of monthly standardized ET, precipitation, and temperature for six typical arid and semi-arid areas

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图 11 干旱半干旱区六个典型区域1990年代前后的蒸散量年内分配的变化

Figure 11. Intra-annual distributions of ET for six typical arid and semi-arid areas around the 1990s

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图 12 全球陆地（a）气温和（b）降水量的线性趋势（单位分别为℃ a⁻¹和mm a⁻¹）的空间分布。斜线区表示通过95%信度水平检验

Figure 12. Spatial distributions of linear trends of global terrestrial (a) temperature (units: ℃ a⁻¹) and (b) precipitation (units: mm a⁻¹). Hatched areas denote 95% confidence level

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图 13 全球陆地蒸散量与温度（左列）、降水量（右列）的相关性。（a、b）斜线区通过95%信度水平检验，（c、d）回归线的相关检验均通过95%信度水平检验

Figure 13. Correlation analysis between global terrestrial ET and temperature (left column), and precipitation (right column). Hatched areas in (a), (b) and correlation coefficients in (c), (d) denote 95% confidence level

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图 14 全球陆地标准化的蒸散量、降水量和气温的年内变化

Figure 14. Intra-annual variations of global terrestrial ET, precipitation, and temperature

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表 1 六个典型分区概况

Table 1. Basic geographic information of six typical regions

区号	区域	经度	纬度
Ⅰ	美国西南部	113.5°W~104°W	31°N~42°N
Ⅱ	萨赫勒	15°W~40°E	15°N~20°N
Ⅲ	中国北部	85°E~118°E	35°N~42°N
Ⅳ	阿根廷及智利的南部	9°E~22.5°E	40°S~55°S
Ⅴ	南非	14°E~35°E	22°S~33°S
Ⅵ	澳大利亚	115°E~147°E	18°S~36°S

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