Circulation Characteristics of Extreme Cold Events in Northeast China during Wintertime
-
摘要: 利用1961~2014年CN05.2逐日温度数据,对冬季东北极端低温事件进行了定义,并按其发生时冷空气对中国东部(105°E以东)的影响范围,将其分为第一类和第二类极端低温事件,其中前者局限在东北,而后者则扩展至中国东部大部分地区。分析表明,在年代际时间尺度上,第一类极端低温事件强度减弱,而第二类的则增加;对持续天数而言,第二类极端低温事件的在减少,而第一类在1990年代以前也持续减少,但是1990年代之后急剧增加;2月份总的极端低温事件发生天数最多,其在1990年代以前要远大于12月和1月份,且在1990年代以前总体在减少,以后则增加;850 hPa风场分析显示,第二类极端低温事件中来自贝加尔湖的西北路径冷空气比第一类的要强,而来自鄂霍次克海的东北路径冷空气则相反;在300 hPa的E-P通量散度场上,这两类极端低温事件中东北都处于波动能量辐散中心,第二类极端低温事件发生时罗斯贝波波动能量传播比第一类时的要弱,第一类发生时则纬向传播比较明显,而且波动中心值都比较大;在位势高度距平场的谐波分析中,长波槽同位相扰动叠加在超长波槽上更易导致极端低温事件的发生。Abstract: Using the CN05.2 dataset of daily mean temperature for the period from 1961 to 2014, total extreme cold events (TECEs) are determined in the present study. These TECEs are classified into two categories according to the domain they affected in eastern China (East of 105°E in China), i.e., the first category of extreme cold events (FCECEs) that only affected Northeast China and the second category of extreme cold events (SCECEs) includes those that affected most of eastern China. Results show that the trend of intensity of FCECEs is significantly negative, but the opposite is true for that of SCECEs on the interdecadal timescale. As for the occurrence frequency, the trend for SCECEs is obviously negative, and that for FCECEs is also negative during the pre-1990s epoch but becomes positive after the 1990s. The occurrence frequency of TECEs is the highest in February among the winter months, and it tends to decrease during the pre-1990s epoch but increases after the 1990s. Northwesterly winds (cold air surges from Lake Baikal) at 850 hPa during SCECEs is stronger than that during FCECEs, and the opposite is true for northeasterly winds (cold air surges from the Okhotsk Sea). Analysis of the E-P flux and divergence field at 300 hPa indicates that significant wave-like anomalies appear across Northeast China during both SCECEs and FCECEs, and the Rossby wave energy propagation is weaker during SCECEs than during FCECEs. Harmonic analysis shows that the overlap of longwave trough and ultra-longwave geopotential height anomaly in the same phase can more easily lead to extreme cold event.
-
Key words:
- Extreme cold events /
- Northeast China /
- Winter /
- Rossby wave /
- Harmonic analysis
-
图 7 1961~2014年冬季极端低温事件的850 hPa风场(单位:m s−1)合成图:(a,c,e)第一类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时段;(b,d,f)第二类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时间段;(g)第二类与第一类整个时段之差。灰色阴影表示为通过95%的置信水平的区域,图中方框区代表东北
Figure 7. Composite distributions of winds (units: m s−1) at 850 hPa for extreme cold events during 1961–2014: (a, c, e) The beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for FCECEs; (b, d, f) the beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for SCECEs; (g) difference between SCECEs and FCECEs (SCECEs minus FCECEs) during the whole period. Light shadings indicate significance at the 95% confidence level based on two-tailed Student's t test; the black rectangle indicates Northeast China (NEC)
图 8 1961~2014年冬季极端低温事件的500 hPa位势高度距平(等值线间隔:20,单位:gpm)合成图:(a,b,c)第一类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时段;(d,e,f)第二类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时间段;(g)第二类与第一类整个时段之差。灰色阴影表示为通过95%的置信水平的区域,图中方框区表示东北
Figure 8. Distributions of composite geopotential height anomalies (contour interval: 20, units: gpm) at 500 hPa for extreme cold events during 1961-2014: (a, b, c) The beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for FCECEs; (d, e, f) the beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for SCECEs; (g) difference between SCECEs and FCECEs (SCECEs minus FCECEs) during the whole period. Light shading indicates significance at the 95% confidence level based on two-tailed Student's t-test; the black rectangle indicates NEC
图 9 1961~2014年冬季极端低温事件时300 hPa的E-P通量(箭头,单位:m2 s-2)、散度(阴影,单位:10-5 m s-2)及流函数场(等值线,单位:106 m2 s-1)合成图:(a,c,e)第一类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时段;(b,d,f)第二类初始日期、峰值日期、整个时间段;(g)第二类与第一类整个时段之差。图中方框区表示东北
Figure 9. Distributions of composite E-P flux (vectors, units: m2 s-2), its divergence (shaded, units: 10-5 m s-2) and stream function (contours, units: 106 m2 s-1) at 300 hPa for extreme cold events during 1961–2014: (a, c, e) The beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for FCECEs; (b, d, f) the beginning day, the peak day, and the whole period for SCECEs; (g) SCECEs minus FCECEs during the whole period. The black rectangle indicates NEC
图 10 1961~2014年冬季极端低温事件发生时的500 hPa位势高度距平谐波合成场(等值线间隔:10,单位:gpm):(a)第一类和(b)第二类超长波;(d)第一类和(e)第二类长波;第二类与第一类(c)超长波和(f)长波之差。灰色阴影表示为通过95%的置信水平的区域,图中方框区表示东北
Figure 10. Distributions of harmonic analysis of composite geopotential height anomalies (contour interval: 10, units: gpm) at 500 hPa for extreme cold events during 1961–2014: (a, b) Ultra-longwave for FCECEs and SCECEs; (d, e) longwave for FCECEs and SCECEs; (c, f) differences in ultra-longwave and longwave between SCECEs and FCECEs (SCECEs minus FCECEs). Light shadings indicate the 95% confidence level based on two-tailed Student's t test, and the black rectangle indicates NEC
表 1 1961~2014年46次冬季极端低温事件的开始日期、持续时间、峰值日期、峰值强度和类型
Table 1. Beginning dates, durations, peak dates, peak intensities, and types of 46 total extreme cold events (TECEs) in winter during 1961–2014
序号 开始日期 持续时间/d 峰值日期 峰值强度/℃ 类型 1 1964-02-11 3 1964-02-11 -8.8 第二类 2 1964-02-19 5 1964-02-22 -8.1 第二类 3 1966-01-18 3 1966-01-18 -8.8 第一类 4 1966-12-21 6 1966-12-25 -8.9 第二类 5 1967-02-09 5 1967-02-11 -8.5 第二类 6 1967-12-06 3 1967-12-07 -9.5 第一类 7 1967-12-26 4 1967-12-28 -9.2 第二类 8 1968-01-29 3 1968-01-30 -8.2 第一类 9 1968-02-19 3 1968-02-19 -7.4 第二类 10 1969-01-27 5 1969-01-29 -8.5 第二类 11 1969-02-01 5 1969-02-05 -8.3 第一类 12 1969-02-13 3 1969-02-15 -10.0 第一类 13 1969-02-18 11 1969-02-21 -12.9 第二类 14 1970-01-01 4 1970-01-03 -10.5 第一类 15 1970-02-21 3 1970-02-22 -8.4 第一类 16 1971-02-26 3 1971-02-27 -11.4 第一类 17 1974-01-27 3 1974-01-28 -7.1 第一类 18 1974-02-24 3 1974-02-25 -8.1 第二类 19 1976-12-25 4 1976-12-26 -10.7 第二类 20 1976-12-30 5 1977-01-02 -9.7 第二类 21 1977-01-26 6 1977-01-30 -10.0 第二类 22 1977-02-12 5 1977-02-14 -10.0 第一类 23 1978-02-10 7 1978-02-13 -9.0 第二类 24 1979-01-30 3 1979-01-31 -10.1 第二类 25 1980-02-05 3 1980-02-06 -8.5 第二类 26 1980-12-27 3 1980-12-27 -6.6 第一类 27 1981-02-24 4 1981-02-25 -10.7 第二类 28 1983-02-10 5 1983-02-12 -9.8 第一类 29 1983-02-18 3 1983-02-19 -6.9 第一类 30 1984-02-02 5 1984-02-06 -8.3 第二类 31 1985-02-16 5 1985-02-17 -6.9 第二类 32 1985-12-06 6 1985-12-08 -10.9 第二类 33 1987-01-09 5 1987-01-12 -8.0 第一类 34 1990-01-21 7 1990-01-25 -10.0 第一类 35 1991-02-21 3 1991-02-22 -9.0 第一类 36 1998-12-01 3 1998-12-02 -8.7 第一类 37 2000-12-23 4 2000-12-25 -8.2 第一类 38 2001-01-10 7 2001-01-11 -9.5 第一类 39 2001-02-02 6 2001-02-06 -8.9 第一类 40 2001-02-10 4 2001-02-11 -8.1 第一类 41 2002-12-08 3 2002-12-09 -7.7 第一类 42 2004-12-21 3 2004-12-21 -7.1 第一类 43 2010-12-13 3 2010-12-14 -6.5 第一类 44 2012-12-06 3 2012-12-07 -7.6 第一类 45 2012-12-23 3 2012-12-23 -9.4 第一类 46 2013-01-07 4 2013-01-08 -7.8 第一类 -
[1] 布和朝鲁, 纪立人, 施宁. 2008. 2008年初我国南方雨雪低温天气的中期过程分析Ⅰ:亚非副热带急流低频波[J].气候与环境研究, 13 (4):419-433. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2008.04.07Bueh Cholaw, Ji Liren, Shi Ning. 2008. On the medium-range process of the rainy, snowy and cold weather of South China in early 2008. Part Ⅰ:Low-frequency waves embedded in the Asian-African subtropical jet[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 13 (4):419-433, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2008.04.07. [2] Bueh C, Shi N, Xie Z W. 2011a. Large-scale circulation anomalies associated with persistent low temperature over southern China in January 2008[J]. Atmospheric Science Letters, 12 (3):273-280, doi:10. 1002/asl.333. [3] Bueh C, Fu X Y, Xie Z W. 2011b. Large-scale circulation features typical of wintertime extensive and persistent low temperature events in China[J]. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 4 (4):235-241, doi:10.1080/16742834.2011. 11446935. [4] 陈海山, 孙照渤. 2001.一个反映中国冬季气温异常的指标——东亚区域西风指数[J].南京气象学院学报, 24 (4):458-466. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2001.04.002Chen Haishan, Sun Zhaobo. 2001. An index of China winter temperature anomaly:East Asian regional westerly index[J]. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology (in Chinese), 24 (4):458-466, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2001.04.002. [5] Ding Y H. 1990. Build-up, air mass transformation and propagation of Siberian high and its relations to cold surge in East Asia[J]. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 44 (1-4):281-292, doi: 10.1007/BF01026822. [6] 丁一汇, 王遵娅, 宋亚芳, 等. 2008.中国南方2008年1月罕见低温雨雪冰冻灾害发生的原因及其与气候变暖的关系[J].气象学报, 66 (5):808-825. doi: 10.11676/qxxb2008.074Ding Yihui, Wang Zunya, Song Yafang, et al. 2008. Causes of the unprecedented freezing disaster in January 2008 and its possible association with the global warming[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 66 (5):808-825, doi: 10.11676/qxxb2008.074. [7] 东北低温科研协作组. 1979.东北地区冷夏、热夏长期预报的初步研究[J].气象学报, 37 (3):44-58. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1979.028Northeast China Cold Summer Research Group. 1979. A preliminary study on the long range forecasting of the cold/warm summer in Northeast China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 37 (3):44-58, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1979.028. [8] Edmon M J Jr, Hoskins B J, McIntyre M E. 1980. Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the troposphere[J]. J. Atmos. Sci., 37 (2):2600-2616, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2600:EPCSFT>2.0.CO;2. [9] 龚志强, 王晓娟, 崔冬林, 等. 2012.区域性极端低温事件的识别及其变化特征[J].应用气象学报, 23 (2):195-204. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.02.008Gong Zhiqiang, Wang Xiaojuan, Cui Donglin, et al. 2012. The identification and changing characteristics of regional low temperature extreme events[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 23 (2):195-204, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.02.008. [10] 郭其蕴. 1994.东亚冬季风的变化与中国气温异常的关系[J].应用气象学报, 5 (2):218-225. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199400559467Guo Qiyun. 1994. Relationship between the variations of East Asian winter monsoon and temperature anomalies in China[J]. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology (in Chinese), 5 (2):218-225. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199400559467 [11] Jones P D, Horton E B, Folland C K, et al. 1999. The use of indices to identify changes in climatic extremes[J]. Climatic Change, 42 (1):131-149, doi: 10.1023/A:1005468316392. [12] Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77 (3):437-472, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2. [13] Li S F, Jiang D B, Lian Y, et al. 2016. Interdecadal variations of cold air activities in Northeast China during springtime[J]. J. Meteor. Res, 30 (5):645-661, doi: 10.1007/s13351-016-5912-6. [14] 李尚锋, 廉毅, 陈圣波, 等. 2012.东北初夏极端低温事件的空间分布特征及其成因机理分析[J].地理科学, 32 (6):752-758. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.06.016Li Shangfeng, Lian Yi, Chen Shengbo, et al. 2012. Distribution of extreme cool events over Northeast China in early summer and the related dynamical processes[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 32 (6):752-758, doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.06.016. [15] 李尚锋, 孙钦宏, 姚耀显, 等. 2014a.东北夏季极端低温天气事件的定义及其冷空气路径分析[J].地理科学, 34 (2):249-256. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2014.02.249Li Shangfeng, Sun Qinhong, Yao Yaoxian, et al. 2014a. Definition of extreme low-temperature events over northeastern China in summer and the related cold air path[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 34(2):249-256. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2014.02.249 [16] 李尚锋, 应爽, 姚耀显, 等. 2014b.东北夏季月低温事件的定义及大气环流年代际特征分析[J].气象与环境学报, 30 (3):38-45. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2014.03.006Li Shangfeng, Ying Shuang, Yao Yaoxian, et al. 2014b. Definition of monthly cool summer events over Northeast China and interdecadal characteristics of atmospheric circulation[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment (in Chinese), 30 (3):38-45, doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X. 2014.03.006. [17] 李威, 朱艳峰. 2007. 2006年全球重大天气气候事件概述[J].气象, 33 (4):108-111. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2007.04.019Li Wei, Zhu Yanfeng. 2007. Global significant climate events in 2006[J]. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 33 (4):108-111, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2007.04.019. [18] 李威, 蔡锦辉, 郭艳君, 等. 2010. 2009年全球重大天气气候事件概述[J].气象, 36 (4):106-110. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qx201004019Li Wei, Cai Jinhui, Guo Yanjun, et al. 2010. Global significant weather and climate events in 2009[J]. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 36 (4):106-110. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qx201004019 [19] 廉毅, 安刚. 1998.东亚季风El Niño与中国松辽平原夏季低温关系初探[J].气象学报, 56 (6):724-735. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1998.066Lian Yi, An Gang. 1998. The relationship among East Asia summer monsoon El Niño and low temperature in Songliao Plains North East China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 56 (6):724-735, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1998.066. [20] 廉毅, 布和朝鲁, 谢作威, 等. 2010.初夏东北冷涡活动异常与北半球环流低频变化[J].大气科学, 34 (2):429-439. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2010.02.16Lian Yi, Bueh Cholaw, Xie Zuowei, et al. 2010. The anomalous cold vortex activity in Northeast China during the early summer and the low-frequency variability of the northern hemispheric atmosphere circulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 34 (2):429-439, doi:10.3878/j.issn. 1006-9895.2010.02.16. [21] 刘实, 闫敏华, 隋波. 2009.东北三省冬季气温变化的有关研究进展[J].气候变化研究进展, 5 (6):357-361. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2009.06.007Liu Shi, Yan Minhua, Sui Bo. 2009. Advances in the research of winter air temperature variation of three provinces in Northeast China[J]. Advances in Climate Change Research (in Chinese), 5 (6):357-361, doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719. 2009.06.007. [22] 苗青, 巩远发, 邓锐捷, 等. 2016.北半球中高纬度低频振荡对2012/2013年冬季中国东北极端低温事件的影响[J].大气科学, 40 (4):817-830. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1508.15189Miao Qing, Gong Yuanfa, Deng Ruijie, et al. 2016. Impacts of the low-frequency oscillation over the extra-tropics of the Northern Hemisphere on the extreme low temperature event in Northeast China in the winter of 2012/2013[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 40 (4):817-830, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1508.15189. [23] Peng J B, Bueh C. 2011. The definition and classification of extensive and persistent extreme cold events in China[J]. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 4 (5):281-286, doi: 10.1080/16742834.2011.11446943. [24] 沈柏竹, 刘实, 廉毅, 等. 2011. 2009年中国东北夏季低温及其与前期海气系统变化的联系[J].气象学报, 69 (2):320-333. doi: 10.11676/qxxb2011.027Shen Baizhu, Liu Shi, Lian Yi, et al. 2011. An investigation into 2009 summer low temperature in Northeast China and its association with prophase changes of the air-sea system[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 69 (2):320-333, doi: 10.11676/qxxb2011.027. [25] 施宁, 布和朝鲁. 2015.中国大范围持续性极端低温事件的一类平流层前兆信号[J].大气科学, 39 (1):210-220. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1403.13309Shi Ning, Bueh Cholaw. 2015. A specific stratospheric precursory signal for the extensive and persistent extreme cold events in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 39 (1):210-220, doi:10.3878/j.issn. 1006-9895.1403.13309. [26] 司东, 李修仓, 任福民, 等. 2012. 2011年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因[J].气象, 38 (4):480-489. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201201187552Si Dong, Li Xiucang, Ren Fumin, et al. 2012. Global significant weather and climate events in 2011 and the possible causes[J]. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 38 (4):480-489. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201201187552 [27] 隋素丽, 贺玉平, 张明芳, 等. 2007.威海市"2005.12"连续暴雪特性初步分析[J].海洋预报, 24 (1):32-37. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0239.2007.01.005Sui Suli, He Yuping, Zhang Mingfang, et al. 2007. A preliminary study of characteristics of durative snowstorms in December 2005[J]. Marine Forecasts (in Chinese), 24 (1):32-37, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0239.2007.01.005. [28] 陶诗言. 1959.十年来我国对东亚寒潮的研究[J].气象学报, 30 (3):226-230. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1959.031Tao Shiyan. 1959. Study on East Asian cold waves in China during recent 10 years (1949-1959)[J]. Acta Meterologica Sinica (in Chinese), 30 (3):226-230, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1959.031. [29] 王绍武. 1964.北半球500毫巴月平均环流特征及演变规律的研究——超长波[J].气象学报, 34 (3):316-328. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1964.033Wang Shaowu. 1964. A preliminary study on the characteristics and evolution of mean monthly circulation. Part Ⅱ:Ultra-long waves[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 34 (3):316-328, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1964.033. [30] 王晓娟, 龚志强, 沈柏竹, 等. 2013.近50年中国区域性极端低温事件频发期的气候特征对比分析研究[J].气象学报, 71 (6):1061-1073. doi: 10.11676/qxxb2013.095Wang Xiaojuan, Gong Zhiqiang, Shen Baizhu, et al. 2013. A comparative study of the climatic characteristics of the periods of frequent occurrence of the regional extreme low temperature events in China in the recent 50 years[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 71 (6):1061-1073, doi: 10.11676/qxxb2013.095. [31] 武炳义, 黄荣辉. 1999.冬季北大西洋涛动极端异常变化与东亚冬季风[J].大气科学, 23 (6):641-651. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1999.06.01Wu Bingyi, Huang Ronghui. 1999. Effects of the extremes in the North Atlantic oscillation on East Asia winter monsoon[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 23 (6):641-651. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1999.06.01 [32] 吴佳, 高学杰. 2013.一套格点化的中国区域逐日观测资料及与其它资料的对比[J].地球物理学报, 56 (4):1102-1111. doi: 10.6038/cjg20130406Wu Jia, Gao Xuejie. 2013. A gridded daily observation dataset over China region and comparison with the other datasets[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 56 (4):1102-1111, doi: 10.6038/cjg20130406. [33] 吴晓红, 王绍武. 1996.对流层大气环流的甚低频振荡[J].气象学报, 54 (4):427-436. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1996.044Wu Xiaohong, Wang Shaowu. 1996. Very low frequency oscillations in the variations of tropospheric atmospheric general circulation[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 54 (4):427-436, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1996.044. [34] 易明建, 陈月娟, 周任君, 等. 2009. 2008年中国南方雪灾与平流层极涡异常的等熵位涡分析[J].高原气象, 28 (4):880-888. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gyqx200904021Yi Mingjian, Chen Yuejuan, Zhou Renjun, et al. 2009. Analysis on isentropic potential vorticity for the snow calamity in south China and the stratospheric polar vortex in 2008[J]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 28 (4):880-888. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gyqx200904021 [35] 易明建, 陈月娟, 周任君, 等. 2013.亚洲东部冬季地面温度变化与平流层弱极涡的关系[J].大气科学, 37 (3):668-678. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12032Yi Mingjian, Chen Yuejuan, Zhou Renjun, et al. 2013. Relationship between winter surface temperature variation in eastern Asia and stratospheric weak polar vortex[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 37 (3):668-678, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12032. [36] 张培忠, 陈光明. 1999.影响中国寒潮冷高压的统计研究[J].气象学报, 57 (4):493-501. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1999.046Zhang Peizhong, Chen Guangming. 1999. A statistical analysis of the cold wave high which influences on China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 57 (4):493-501, doi: 10.11676/qxxb1999.046. [37] Zhang Z J, Qian W H. 2011. Identifying regional prolonged low temperature events in China[J]. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28 (2):338-351, doi:10. 1007%2Fs00376-010-0048-6. [38] 张宗婕, 钱维宏. 2012.中国冬半年区域持续性低温事件的前期信号[J].大气科学, 36 (6):1269-1279. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.11227Zhang Zongjie, Qian Weihong. 2012. Precursors of regional prolonged low temperature events in China during winter half year[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 36 (6):1269-1279, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012. 11227. -