Atmospheric Dynamics in the Stratosphere and Its Interaction with Tropospheric Processes: Progress and Problems
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摘要: 本文综述了近年来关于平流层大气动力学及其与对流层大气相互作用动力过程的研究进展，特别是回顾了近年来关于平流层大气环流和行星波动力学、热带平流层大气波动及其与基本气流相互作用、平流层大气环流变异对对流层环流和气候变异的影响及其动力过程、平流层大气数值模拟以及在全球变暖背景下平流层大气的长期演变趋势预估等的研究进展。最近的研究揭示了大气准定常行星波传播波导的振荡现象、重力波在热带平流层准两年振荡和全球物质输送中的作用、平流层长期的变冷趋势变化、平流层在对流层天气和气候变化中的作用等现象，表明了平流层大气动力学研究的重要性。平流层大气动力学的深入研究，以及对数值模式中平流层模拟性能的提高，最终都会推动整个大气科学和气候变化研究的进一步发展。
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关键词:
- 平流层大气 /
- 大气动力学 /
- 平流层-对流层相互作用 /
- 准定常行星波 /
- 重力波
Abstract: This paper synthesizes and reviews progress in recent researches on the atmospheric dynamics in the stratosphere and its dynamical interaction with the tropospheric processes, with focuses on the dynamics of quasi-stationary planetary waves, the wave-basic flow interaction in the tropical stratosphere, the impact of atmospheric circulation variability in the stratosphere on circulation variability and climate in the troposphere, the numerical simulation of stratospheric atmosphere and climate projection in the stratosphere under the background of global warming. Recent researches revealed the waveguide variability of planetary waves and its association with northern annular mode, the importance of a wider spectrum of gravity waves in forcing a realistic quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and global meridional circulation, the cooling trend in the stratosphere and the importance of stratospheric processes for weather and climate anomalies near the surface. More in-depth studies on the atmospheric dynamics in the stratosphere and improvements of the model performance in the stratosphere will further promote the progress in the atmospheric science and climate change research. -
图 1 北半球冬季准定常行星波三维传播示意图。图中虚线为波折射指数Q0的分布
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the wave guide of quasi-stationary planetary waves in the latitude–height cross section in boreal winter. Dashed lines indicate wave refraction index Q0
图 2 1958~1998年北半球冬季平均的纬向波数1~3准定常行星波E–P通量(×ρ−1)(units: kg s−2)的合成分布图：(a)由NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(Kalnay et al., 1996)的计算结果；(b)由CCSR/NIES数值模式资料的计算结果
Figure 2. Composite distributions of the E-P flux of quasi-stationary planetary waves for zonal wave numbers 1–3 averaged over 40 boreal winters from 1958 to 1998: (a) Results based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996); (b) result based on the numerical modeling data of CCSR/NIES AGCM
图 3 北半球冬季准定常行波纬向波数1–3合成的E−P通量(×ρ−1)(units: kg s−2)：(a)行星波活动为高指数的冬季；(b)行星波活动为低指数的冬季
Figure 3. Latitude–height cross sections of DJF (December, January, February) Eliassen-Palm (E−P) fluxes for (a) high and (b) low planetary wave activity winters. The E−P is scaled by an inverse of the air density
图 4 北半球(a)1976~1987年、(b)1988~1998年、(c)1999~2012年期间冬季平均的准定常行波1~3波合成的E−P通量(×ρ−1)及其散度(单位：m s−1 d−1)分布。图中实、虚线分别表示正值(红色，辐散)和负值(蓝色，辐合)。计算结果基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(Kalnay et al., 1996)
Figure 4. Composite distributions of the E–P fluxes(×ρ−1) of quasi-stationary planetary waves for wave numbers 1–3 and their divergences (units: m s−1 d−1) over the Northern Hemisphere averaged for the winters during (a) 1976–1987, (b) 1988–1998, and (c) 1999–2012 respectively. The red and blue areas indicate positive (divergence) and negative (convergence) values, respectively. Results based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996)
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