Characteristic of Adiabatic and Diabatic Water Vapor Transport from the Troposphere to the Stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and its Comparison with the Rocky Mountains in the Summer
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摘要: 夏季亚洲季风区是对流层向平流层物质输送的主要通道,其对平流层水汽的变化有重要贡献。以往的研究表明亚洲季风区向平流层的水汽传输主要在青藏高原及周边地区。本文利用多年平均的逐日ERAi、MERRA再分析数据和微波临边观测仪(Microwave Limb Sounder,MLS)数据,首先对比分析夏季青藏高原周边上空水汽的分布特征,再利用再分析资料分析了对流层—平流层水汽传输的特征。结果表明:青藏高原周边特定的等熵面和对流层顶结构分布有利于水汽向平流层的绝热输送;在南亚高压的东北侧,从青藏高原到中太平洋地区,340~360 K层次存在最为显著的水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,7~8月平均输送强度可达约7×103 kg s-1。此外,在伊朗高原及南亚高压的西部,350~360 K层次也存在一支水汽向平流层的经向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度相对较弱(约2.5×103 kg s-1)。在青藏高原南侧370~380 K层次存在强的水汽向平流层的非绝热输送,主要由深对流和大尺度上升运动引起,7~8月平均输送强度约0.4×103 kg s-1。落基山以东到大西洋西部,350~360 K层次存在水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度也弱得多(约2.5×103 kg s-1)。Abstract: The Asian summer monsoon regions are mainly atmospheric composition transport pathways from the troposphere to the stratosphere, and have large contribution to the variation of the stratospheric water vapor. Previous research show that the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surround regions contribute most water vapor transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere over Asian summer monsoon regions. The multi-year average Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations, and the ERAi and MERRA reanalysis datasets are used to diagnose the water vapor maintenance and quantify the water vapor transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere over the TP and the Rocky Mountains (RM) in July and August. The three-dimensional structure of isentropic surfaces and the tropopause is favorable for adiabatic water vapor transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere over the TP. According to the quantified result from ERAi, there is a significant zonal adiabatic water vapor transport pathway from the northeast of the South Asian high to the central Pacific at 340-360 K, and the averaged water vapor mass flux is nearly 7×103 kg s-1 during July and August. Strong diabatic water vapor transport pathway is found in the southern flank of the TP at 370-380 K, which is controlled by deep convection and large-scale ascending motion, and the averaged flux is about 0.4×103 kg s-1 during July and August. Besides, at 350-360 K, there is a weak meridional adiabatic water vapor transport pathway from the Iranian Plateau to western flank of the TP, and a weak zonal adiabatic water vapor transport pathway is also found from the eastern flank of the RM to the western Atlantic, where the water vapor mass flux is about 2.5×103 kg s-1.
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Key words:
- Tibetan Plateau /
- Water vapor transport /
- Adiabatic and diabatic
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图 1 1979~2013年平均的7~8月沿青藏高原纬度带(25°~40°N)水汽含量的纬向偏差百分比(填色)、位温(黑色实线, 单位:K)和对流层顶(粉色虚线)的气压-经度剖面:(a) MLS资料; (b) ERAi资料; (c) MERRA资料。图a中的对流层顶数据来源于同时段的NCEP对流层顶数据
Figure 1. Height-longitude cross sections of percentage (shadings) of water vapor content difference relative to zonal mean, potential temperature (black solid lines, units:K), and tropopause (pink dashed lines) averaged over the Tibetan Plateau latitude belt (25°-40°N) in July-August during 1979-2013 based on data (a) MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder), (b) ERAi (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis), (c) MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications).The tropopause data in Fig.a are derived from the NCEP dataset for the same period
图 3 1979~2013年平均的7~8月沿(a-c)青藏高原(70°~105°E)和(d-f)落基山(120°~100°W)经度带大气水汽含量(填色, 单位:ppm, 1 ppm=10−6)、位温(黑色实线, 单位:K)、纬向风(红色实线, 单位:m s−1)和对流层顶(粉色虚线)的气压-纬度剖面:(a、d) MLS; (b、e) ERAi; (c、f) MERRA。图a、d中对流层顶和纬向风分别来源于同时段的NCEP对流层顶数据和ERAi纬向风数据
Figure 3. Height-latitude cross sections of water vapor content (shadings, units:ppm, 1 ppm=10−6), potential temperature (black lines, units:K), zonal wind (red lines, units:m s−1), and tropopause (pink dashed line) averaged over (a-c) the Tibetan Plateau (70°-105°E) and (d-f) the Rocky Mountains (120°-100°W) in July-August during 1979-2013 based on data (a, d) MLS, (b, e) ERAi, (c, f) MERRA.The tropopause data and zonal wind data in Fig.a and Fig.d are derived from the NCEP and ERAi datasets for the same period, respectively
图 4 1979~2013年平均的7~8月大气水汽含量(填色, 单位:ppm)、风场(矢量, 单位:m s−1)、气压(白色实线, 单位:hPa)和对流层顶(粉色实线)在340 K、350 K、360 K、370 K层的水平分布:(a-d) MLS; (e-h) ERAi; (i-l) MERRA。图a中的水平风场和对流层顶分别来源于同时段的ERAi水平风场数据和NCEP对流层顶数据
Figure 4. Horizontal structures of water vapor content (shadings, units:ppm), wind (vectors, units:m s-1), tropopause (pink solid lines), and pressure (white solid lines, units:hPa) averaged at 340 K, 350 K, 360 K, and 370 K in July-August during 1979-2013 based on (a-d) MLS, (e-h) ERAi, (i-l) MERRA.The wind data and tropopause data in Fig.a are derived from the ERAi and NCEP datasets for the same period, respectively
图 5 1979~2013年平均的7~8月沿青藏高原经度带(70°~105°E) ERAi资料的水汽质量通量散度各分量(填色, 单位:104 kg s−1)和对流层顶(粉色实线)的等熵-纬度剖面:(a)纬向绝热分量; (b)经向绝热分量; (c)非绝热分量。(d)青藏高原地区(25°~40°N, 70°~105°E)水汽质量通量散度累加的垂直廓线, 红色为纬向分量, 蓝色为经向分量, 黑色为非绝热分量。图d中不同层次水汽质量通量散度的单位:300~360 K层单位为108 kg s−1; 370~390 K层单位为104 kg s−1
Figure 5. Height-latitude cross sections of (a) zonal adiabatic component, (b) meridional adiabatic component, and (c) diabatic component of water vapor mass fluxes divergence (shadings, units:104 kg s−1) and the tropopause (pink solid lines) averaged over the Tibetan Plateau longitude belt (70°-105°E) in July-August during 1979-2013 based on ERAi.(d) Vertical profiles of water vapor mass fluxes divergence components accumulated over the Tibetan Plateau (25°-40°N, 70°-105°E), red line denotes zonal adiabatic component, blue line denotes meridional adiabatic component, and black line denotes diabatic component.In Fig.d, units of water vapor mass fluxes divergence in 300-360 K layer:108 kg s−1, units of water vapor mass fluxes divergence in 370-390 K:104 kg s−1
图 6 1979~2013年平均的7~8月沿落基山经度带(120°~100°W) ERAi资料的水汽质量通量散度(填色, 单位:104 kg s−1)和对流层顶(粉色实线)的等熵-纬度剖面:(a)纬向绝热分量; (b)经向绝热分量; (c)非绝热分量。(d)落基山地区(25°~45°N, 120°~100°W)水汽质量通量散度累加的垂直廓线, 红色为纬向分量, 蓝色为经向分量, 黑色为非绝热分量。图d中不同层次水汽质量通量散度的单位:300~340 K层单位为108 kg s−1; 350~390 K层单位为103 kg s−1
Figure 6. Height-latitude cross sections of (a) zonal adiabatic component, (b) meridional adiabatic component, and (c) diabatic component of water vapor mass fluxes divergence (shadings, units:104 kg s−1) and the tropopause (pink solid lines) averaged over the Rocky Mountains longitude belt (120°-100°W) in July-August during 1979-2013 based on ERAi.(d) Vertical profiles of water vapor mass fluxes divergence components accumulated over the Rocky Mountains (25°-45°N, 120°-100°W), red line denotes zonal adiabatic component, blue line denotes meridional adiabatic component, and black line denotes diabatic component.In Fig.d, units of water vapor mass fluxes divergence in 300-340 K layer:108 kg s−1; units of water vapor mass fluxes divergence at 350-390 K:103 kg s−1
图 7 1979~2013年平均的7~8月ERAi资料的经向绝热水汽质量通量(填色, 单位:104 kg s−1)、绝热水汽质量通量矢量(矢量, 单位:104 kg s−1)和对流层顶位置(粉色实线)在(a)370 K和(b)350 K层的水平分布。图b中黑框表示水汽向平流层纬向输送的区域
Figure 7. Horizontal structures of meridional adiabatic water vapor mass fluxes (shadings, units:104 kg s−1), adiabatic water vapor mass fluxes vector (units:104 kg s−1), and the tropopause location (pink solid lines) averaged at layers (a)370 K and (b)350 K based on ERAi in July-August during 1979-2013.In Fig.b, the black boxes denote the regions of meridional water vapor transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere
图 8 1979~2013年平均的7~8月沿(a)40°~50°N、(b)30°~40°N和(c)20°~30°N经度带ERAi资料的非绝热水汽质量通量(填色, 单位:104 kg s−1)和对流层顶(粉色实线)的等熵-经度剖面
Figure 8. Height-longitude cross sections of diabatic water vapor mass fluxes (shadings, units:104 kg s−1) and tropopause (pink solid lines) averaged over (a) 40°-50°N, (b)30°-40°N, and (c)20°-30°N based on ERA in July-August during 1979-2013
图 9 1979~2013年平均的7~8月ERAi资料的穿越对流层顶向平流层的水汽输送强度(单位:104 kg s−1)在340~390 K层次内的累加:(a)纬向等熵绝热; (b)经向等熵绝热; (c)非绝热。水平分辨率为5°×5°
Figure 9. Mean water vapor transport (units:104 kg s−1) from the troposphere to the stratosphere accumulated from 340-K layer to 390-K layer at 5°×5° horizontal resolution from ERAi in July-August during 1979-2013:(a) Zonal adiabatic component along isentropes; (b) meridional adiabatic component along isentropes; (c) diabatic component
图 10 1979~2013年平均的7~8月ERAi资料中340~390 K层次内水汽向平流层的输送的层次(填色)及其强度的相对大小(实心圆点):(a)纬向等熵绝热分量、(b)经向等熵绝热分量、(c)非绝热分量。水汽输送强度的相对大小用相对于(0°~60°N, 0°~180°~0°)区域平均的强度偏差百分比r表示。黑色圆点表示50%≤r < 100%, 蓝色圆点表示100%≤r < 200%, 白色圆点表示r≥200%。黑色实线为各等熵层上对流层顶的位置
Figure 10. Layers (shadings) and relative intensity (solid dots) of water vapor transport components from the troposphere to the stratosphere in 340-390 K layers from ERAi in July-August during 1979-2013:(a) Zonal adiabatic component along isentropes; (b) meridional adiabatic component along isentropes; (c) diabatic component.The percentage (r) water vapor transport difference relative to the transport averaged over (0°-60°N, 0°-180°-0°) denote the relative intensity of water vapor transport.Black dots indicate 50%≤r < 100%, blue dots indicate 100%≤r < 200%, and white dots denote r≥200%.Black lines denote the tropopause location on respective isentropic surfaces
图 11 1979~2013年平均的7~8月ERAi资料中向平流层的水汽输送强度在10°~60°N纬度带的相对大小:(a)纬向等熵绝热分量、(b)经向等熵绝热分量、(c)非绝热分量。相对大小用各分量在纬度带的累加相对于所有水汽输送分量纬向累加的百分比表示。黑色圆点表示该水汽输送分量的百分比大于另外两个水汽输送分量
Figure 11. The relative intensity of water vapor transport from troposphere to stratosphere within (10°-60°N) from ERAi in July-August during 1979-2013:(a) Zonal adiabatic component along isentropes; (b) meridional adiabatic component along isentropes; (c) diabatic transport component.The relative intensity is expressed by percentages of individual troposphere to stratosphere water vapor transport components relative to all transport components zonally accumulated. The black dots denote the percentage of the transport component larger than those of the other two transport components
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