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夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. I:水汽质量异常主导型

唐南军 任荣彩 吴国雄 虞越越

唐南军, 任荣彩, 吴国雄, 虞越越. 夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. I:水汽质量异常主导型[J]. 大气科学, 2020, 44(2): 239-256. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18267
引用本文: 唐南军, 任荣彩, 吴国雄, 虞越越. 夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. I:水汽质量异常主导型[J]. 大气科学, 2020, 44(2): 239-256. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18267
TANG Nanjun, REN Rongcai, WU Guoxiong, YU Yueyue. Interannual Anomalies of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Mass and Its Transport into the Stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau Area in Summer. Part I: Leading Patterns of Water-Vapor-Mass Anomalies[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2020, 44(2): 239-256. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18267
Citation: TANG Nanjun, REN Rongcai, WU Guoxiong, YU Yueyue. Interannual Anomalies of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Mass and Its Transport into the Stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau Area in Summer. Part I: Leading Patterns of Water-Vapor-Mass Anomalies[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2020, 44(2): 239-256. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18267

夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. I:水汽质量异常主导型

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18267
基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)项目XDA17010105,国家自然科学基金项目91437105、91837311,中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目QYZDY-SSW-DQC018

Interannual Anomalies of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Mass and Its Transport into the Stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau Area in Summer. Part I: Leading Patterns of Water-Vapor-Mass Anomalies

  • 摘要: 本文利用逐年7~8月平均的ERA-Interim再分析资料并结合SWOOSH(Stratospheric water and ozone satellite homogenized)水汽数据,分析了青藏高原及周边地区330~360 K层次水汽质量分布的年际异常特征及其成因。结果表明,水汽质量分布异常表现为整体异常型、东西偶极异常型和南北偶极异常型三个主导分布型。整体异常型在水汽质量整体偏多时,青藏高原地区对流和垂直向上的水汽质量非绝热传输偏强,上对流层为异常偏强的水汽质量非绝热辐合;此时对应南亚高压偏强,青藏高原地区上对流层的水汽质量绝热辐散和高原以西地区的水汽质量绝热辐合都异常偏强,水汽质量整体偏少时则相反。东西偶极异常型水汽质量呈西多/东少分布时,青藏高原西部(中东部)对流和垂直向上的水汽质量非绝热传输异常偏强(弱),上对流层的水汽质量非绝热辐合和水汽质量绝热辐散也异常偏强(偏弱);同时对应南亚高压偏西,青藏高原以西到伊朗高原的上对流层有异常的自东向西的水汽质量绝热输送和水汽质量绝热辐合。水汽质量呈西少/东多分布时则有相反的结果。南北偶极异常型水汽质量呈北多/南少分布时,对应南亚高压偏北,青藏高原北部的上对流层有异常自南向北的水汽质量绝热输送所造成的水汽质量辐合,同时该地区低层异常偏强的自下向上的水汽质量非绝热输送也加强水汽质量辐合,而青藏高原南侧上对流层则为异常偏弱的水汽质量绝热辐散和水汽质量非绝热辐合,水汽质量呈北少/南多分布时相反。
  • 图  1  1979~2013年ERA-Interim资料平均的7~8月大气水汽含量的纬向偏差百分比(填色)、位温(黑色实线,单位:K)和对流层顶(粉色虚线)沿青藏高原纬度带(20°~40°N)的气压—经度剖面

    Figure  1.  Height–longitude cross sections of the percentage differences in the water vapor content relative to zonal mean (shading), potential temperature (black solid lines, units: K), and tropopause (pink dashed lines) averaged over the Tibetan Plateau latitude belt (20°–40° N) in July–August from 1979 to 2013, based on ERA-Interim data

    图  2  1979~2013年ERA-Interim资料平均的7~8月大气水汽含量(填色,单位:ppm;1 ppm=10−6)在(a)350~360 K、(b)330~340 K层次的水平分布。粉色实线代表对流层顶的位置

    Figure  2.  Horizontal distributions of water vapor content (shading, units: ppmv) averaged for (a) 350–360 K and (b) 330–340 K layers in July–August from 1979 to 2013, based on ERA-Interim data. Pink solid lines denote the tropopause location

    图  3  1979~2013年ERA-Interim资料7~8月330~360 K层次水汽质量距平的前3个EOF特征向量(左列)及其标准化的时间系数(右列):(a,b)第1特征向量;(c,d)第2特征向量;(e,f)第3特征向量。(b、d、f)中,红(蓝)色柱表示标准化的时间系数大于1(小于−1)

    Figure  3.  First three empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes (left column) and their normalized time coefficients (right column) of water-vapor-mass anomalies in the 330–360 K layers over the Tibetan Plateau in July–August from 1979 to 2013, based on ERA-Interim data: (a, b) First, (c, d) second, and (e, f) third EOF modes. The red and blue bars denote normalized time coefficients greater than 1 and less than −1, respectively

    图  4  2004~2017年SWOOSH资料7~8月147 hPa(左列)和316 hPa(右列)水汽含量距平的EOF特征向量:(a,b)第1、(c,d)第2和(e,f)第4特征向量

    Figure  4.  EOF modes of the water-vapor-content anomalies at (a, c, e) 147 hPa and (b, d, f) 316 hPa in July–August from 2004 to 2017, based on SWOOSH data: (a, b) First, (c, d) second, and (e, f) fourth EOF modes

    图  5  基于ERA-Interim资料合成的7~8月大气水汽含量相对气候平均的偏差百分比(填色)沿(a–d)青藏高原纬度带(20°~40°N)的等熵—经度剖面以及沿(e–f)青藏高原经度带(70°~105°E)的等熵—纬度剖面:水汽质量(a)整体偏多年、(b)整体偏少年、(c)西多/东少年、(d)西少/东多年、(e)北多/南少年以及(f)北少/南多年。粉色实线代表对流层顶的位置,打点区域表明水汽含量偏差通过了90%置信水平检验的区域

    Figure  5.  (a–d) Height–longitude and (e–f) height–latitude cross sections of percentage differences in the composited water vapor content relative to climate mean (shading) over the Tibetan Plateau latitude belt (20°–40° N) and longitude belt (70°−105° E) in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data: Water vapor mass (a) whole region more years, (b) whole region less years, (c) west more/east less years, (d) west less/east more years, (e) north more/south less years, and (f) north less/south more years. Pink solid lines denote the tropopause location and black dots indicate significant differences in the water vapor content at the 90% confidence level

    图  6  基于ERA-Interim资料水汽质量距平(a,b)第1、(c,d)第2、(e,f)第3特征向量EOF模态时间系数回归的7~8月大气水汽含量(填色,单位:ppm):360 K层(左列);340 K层(右列)。红色(蓝色)实线为正(负)位相显著异常年的对流层顶位置。打点区域表明水汽含量回归值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域

    Figure  6.  Regression analysis of water vapor contents (shading, units: ppm) on the time coefficients of the water vapor mass anomalies (a–b) first, (c–d) second, and (e–f) third EOF modes in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data: (a, c, e) 360 K layer, (b, d, f) 340 K layer. The solid red (blue) lines denote the tropopause location in significantly abnormal positive (negative)-phase years. Black dots indicate the regressed significant water vapor contents at the 90% confidence level

    图  7  基于ERA-Interim资料水汽质量距平(a)第1、(b)第2、(c)第3特征向量EOF模态时间系数回归的7~8月OLR(填色,单位:W m−2)。打点区域表明OLR回归值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域

    Figure  7.  Regression analysis of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR; shading, units: W m−2) on the time coefficients of the water vapor mass anomalies (a) first, (b) second, and (c) third EOF modes in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data. Black dots indicate the regressed OLR significant at the 90% confidence level

    图  8  基于ERA-Interim资料水汽质量距平(a)第1、(b)第2、(c)第3特征向量EOF模态时间系数回归的7~8月200 hPa位势高度场(填色,单位:gpm)和水平风场(箭头,单位:m s−1)。打点区域表明位势高度回归值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域。实线和实心圆为12520 gpm位势高度等值线和南亚高压中心所在位置,粉色为气候平均,红色(蓝色)为正(负)位相显著异常年

    Figure  8.  Regression analysis of 200-hPa potential height (shading, units: gpm) and horizontal wind (vectors, units: m s−1) on the time coefficients of the water vapor mass anomalies (a) first, (b) second, and (c) third EOF modes in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data. Black dots indicate the regressed potential height significant at the 90% confidence level. Solid lines denote the 12520 gpm potential height isolines and dots denote the location of the center of the South Asian High. Pink denotes climate mean and red (blue) denotes significantly abnormal positive (negative)-phase years

    图  9  基于ERA-Interim资料(a)气候平均以及水汽质量距平(b)第1、(c)第2特征向量EOF模态时间系数回归的7~8月非绝热水汽质量通量(填色,单位:104 kg s−1)沿青藏高原纬度带(20°~35°N)的等熵—经度剖面。打点区域表明非绝热水汽质量通量回归值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域;粉色实线为气候平均的对流层顶位置,红色(蓝色)实线为正(负)位相显著异常年的对流层顶位置

    Figure  9.  Height–longitude cross sections of diabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes (shadings, units: 104 kg s−1) (a) climatically averaged and regressed of the water vapor mass anomalies (b) first and (c) second EOF modes time coefficients over the Tibetan Plateau latitude belt (20°–35°N) in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data. Black dots indicate the regressed diabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes at the 90% confidence level. Solid pink line denote the climatic tropopause location and solid red (blue) lines denote the tropopause location of significantly abnormal positive (negative)-phase years

    图  10  基于ERA-Interim资料(a,b)气候平均以及(c,d)水汽质量距平第3特征向量EOF模态时间系数回归的7~8月非绝热水汽质量通量(填色,单位:104 kg s−1)沿青藏高原西部(70°~90°E;左列)和东部(90°~105°E;右列)经度带的等熵—纬度剖面。其中打点区域表明非绝热水汽质量通量回归值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域。粉色实线为气候平均的对流层顶位置,红色(蓝色)实线为正(负)位相显著异常年的对流层顶位置

    Figure  10.  Height–latitude cross sections of diabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes (shadings, units: 104 kg s−1) (a, b) climatically averaged and regressed on (c, d) the water vapor mass anomalies third EOF mode time coefficients over the western (70°–90°E; left column) and eastern (90°–105°E; right column) Tibetan Plateau longitude belts in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data. Black dots indicate the regressed diabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes at the 90% confidence level. Solid pink lines denote the climatic tropopause location and solid red (blue) lines denote the tropopause location of significantly abnormal positive (negative)-phase years

    图  11  基于ERA-Interim资料(a,b)气候平均以及水汽质量(c,d)整体偏多年、(e,f)整体偏少年合成与气候平均差值水平分布:7~8月340~360 K层次累加的非绝热水汽质量通量散度(左列,填色,单位:104 kg s−1)和绝热水汽质量通量矢量(箭头,单位:104 kg s−1)及其散度(右列填色,单位:104 kg s−1)。粉色实线为气候平均的对流层顶位置,红色(蓝色)实线为正(负)位相显著异常年的对流层顶位置。打点区域表明水汽质量通量散度差值通过了90%置信水平检验的区域

    Figure  11.  Horizontal distributions of the divergence of diabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes (left column, shadings, units: 104 kg s−1) and the vectors of adiabatic water-vapor-mass fluxes (vectors, units: 104 kg s−1) and their divergences (right column, shadings, units: 104 kg s−1) accumulated from the 340–360 K layers averaged in July–August, based on ERA-Interim data: (a–b) Climatic mean, water vapor mass (c–d) whole region more years minus the climate mean, and (e–f) whole region less years minus the climate mean. Solid pink lines denote the climatic tropopause locations and solid red (blue) lines denote the tropopause locations of significantly abnormal positive (negative)-phase years. Black dots indicate significant differences in the divergence of water-vapor-mass fluxes at the 90% confidence level

    图  12  图11cf,但(a–b)为水汽质量西多/东少年,(c–d)为水汽质量西少/东多年

    Figure  12.  Same as Fig.11cf, but for water vapor mass (a–b) west more/east less years and (c–d) west less/east more years

    图  13  图11c~f,但(a–b)为水汽质量北多/南少年,(c–d)为水气质量北少/南多年

    Figure  13.  Same as Figs. 11cf, but for water vapor mass (a–b) north more/south less years and (c–d) north less/south more years

    表  1  特征向量时间系数与200 hPa南亚高压强度、中心所在经度和纬度的相关系数及其显著性

    Table  1.   Correlations between eigenvector time coefficients and intensity, center longitudes, and center latitudes of the South Asian high at 200 hPa and their confidence levels

    相关系数及其显著性
    整体异常型东西偶极型南北偶极型
    强度0.695 (99%)−0.353 (95%)−0.199
    经度−0.242−0.693 (99%)0.216
    纬度0.242 0.456 (99%)0.289 (90%)
    下载: 导出CSV
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