Abstract:
To study the effects of different boundary layer schemes on the simulation of landing attenuation stage of typhoon Meranti (1614), a series of high-resolution (1.33 km) numerical tests were carried out using seven boundary layer parameterization schemes in the mesoscale numerical model WRF v3.8, namely, YSU, MYJ, QNSE, ACM2, UW, GBM, and Boulac, in terms of movement track, intensity, structure, rainfall, and near-surface physical variables. The results indicate the following. First, boundary layer schemes significantly influenced the simulation of typhoon Meranti’s track, intensity, and rainfall during its landing attenuation stage, and the maximum differences in the 24-h simulated typhoon track, lowest atmospheric pressure, maximum wind velocity, and 24-h cumulative rainfall extremum were 80 km, 11 hPa, 27 m s
−1, and 241 mm, respectively. Second, simulation results of the Boulac scheme showed a typhoon track that is closest to real-time results, followed by GBM, YSU, and MYJ schemes, and then by ACM2 and UW schemes, whereas the QNSE scheme displayed the worst simulation. Meanwhile, the UW and QNSE schemes simulated the lowest atmospheric pressure values, and MYJ and QNSE schemes simulated the maximum wind velocity values that are closest to actual observations. All boundary layer schemes simulated the features of the typhoon. For example, the lowest atmospheric pressure increased gradually during the landing stage, and the rate of such increase after landing was greater than that before landing, which agreed with real-time results. However, the increasing rate of the lowest atmospheric pressure before the typhoon landing that was simulated by each scheme is greater than the real-time result, whereas such increasing rate after typhoon landing is less than the real-time result. Third, the Boulac scheme best simulated the 24-h precipitation distribution, heavy precipitation area, structure, intensity, and TS score of precipitation at each level, whereas the MYJ scheme was the second best. As simulated by QNSE, UW, and ACM2 schemes, the rain belt advanced so quickly northwestward that the TS scores of precipitation at various levels were poor. Fourth, in the overall simulation of track, intensity, and precipitation of the typhoon, Boulac and MYJ schemes showed optimal results, in which the Boulac scheme was superior in simulating the typhoon track and precipitation and the MYJ scheme was superior in simulating typhoon intensity. The YSU and GBM schemes had the second best simulation results, whereas QNSE, UW, and ACM2 schemes had worse simulation performance. Moreover, the boundary layer schemes significantly differed in calculating the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux of near-surface layer, thereby affecting the simulation of typhoon track, intensity, and rainfall, leading to significantly different simulation results. The QNSE scheme resulted in an abnormally high latent heat flux, the MYJ and Boulac schemes resulted in the most modest values, and other schemes resulted in slightly smaller values. On the other hand, the QNSE scheme had a slightly higher sensible heat flux, the MYJ scheme showed the most modest one, and other schemes resulted in significantly smaller values. Finally, the boundary layer schemes significantly differed in the simulated thermal and dynamical structure of boundary layer, and Boulac scheme had the obvious advantages, particularly for the structure of boundary layer in daytime.