Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Urbanization on a Single Extreme-High-Temperature Event in Beijing
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摘要: 城市化对高温热浪的频次和强度具有重要影响，但目前对于城市化影响高温热浪过程的机理了解还不充分。本文利用WRF模式，对2010年7月2～6日（北京时）北京一次高温过程进行了模拟，分析了城市化对此次高温过程的影响机理。采用优化后的WRF模式，能够模拟出北京连续5日高温的特征和城市热岛强度的变化。城市下垫面的不透水性决定了城区2 m高度处相对湿度低于乡村，削弱了城区通过潜热调节城市气温的能力。日落后，城市感热通量下降缓慢，城区降温速率小于乡村，夜间边界层稳定、高度低，风速小，抑制了城乡之间能量的传输，形成了夜间强的城市热岛强度，造成夜间城市气温明显高于乡村。日出后城乡地面感热通量、潜热通量迅速上升，边界层稳定性下降。午后，城市下垫面分别为地表感热通量和潜热通量的高、低值中心，通过潜热调节气温的能力被削弱；边界层稳定性降低，有利于能量的垂直扩散；此时，城市热岛强度小于夜间。因此，北京城市下垫面形成了明显的城市热岛效应，加重了城区极端高温事件的强度。此外，在这次高温热浪期间，中国东部大部分地区受到大陆暖高压控制，晴空少云，西北气流越山后形成焚风效应，是北京地区高温热浪形成的天气背景。
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关键词:
- 极端高温 /
- 城市热岛 /
- 数值模拟 /
- WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting） /
- 北京
Abstract: Urbanization has a significant influence on the frequency and intensity of heat waves, but the mechanism of the effect of urbanization on the high-temperature process is not fully understood. In this study, the authors used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate a summer high-temperature process on 2–6 July 2010 in Beijing. This paper reports the main results obtained regarding the urbanization effect on the surface air temperature of urban areas during the heat-wave process. The optimized WRF model was able to simulate the temporal characteristics of the five consecutive days of high temperature and the variation in the urban-heat-island intensity (IUHI) in Beijing. The impermeability of the underlying urban surface lowers the 2-m relative humidity of urban areas with respect to that of rural areas, which weakens the ability of urban areas to regulate the surface air temperature via latent heat. After sunset, the urban-sensible-heat flux decreases slowly, and the cooling rate in urban areas is slower than that in rural areas. At night, the structure of the boundary layer is stable, and its height is low, as is the wind speed. In this case, the energy transmitted between urban and rural areas is constrained, and the strong urban heat island is formed, resulting in the temperature in urban area is significantly higher than that in rural area at night. After sunrise, both the sensible and latent heat fluxes of urban and rural land surfaces increase rapidly, and the stability of the boundary layer decreases. In the afternoon, the underlying urban surface favors high and low value centers in the sensible and latent heat fluxes, respectively, with a weakened ability to regulate temperature via latent heat. This is conducive to vertical exchange of energy, which decreases the stability of the boundary layer. The IUHI is lower in the afternoon than in the evening. Therefore, the obvious urban-heat-island effect created by the underlying urban surface in Beijing increases the strength of extreme-high-temperature events. Furthermore, in this heat-wave process, most of the eastern part of China is controlled by continental warm high pressure with clear skies and few clouds, and the northwesterly winds flowing over the Taihang Mountains generate a Fohn effect, which is the synoptic situations of the heat-wave formation in Beijing. -
图 1 2010年7月2～6日北京气象站的逐时气温，BJT表示北京时间
Figure 1. Hourly temperatures at the Beijing Weather Station during 2–6 July 2010, BJT indicates Beijing time
图 2 （a）模式模拟区域、（b）最内层区域的土地利用类型
Figure 2. (a) Model simulation area and (b) land use categories in innermost domain
图 3 2010年7月6个模拟试验示意图，箭头的虚线和实线部分分别为模式spin-up时间和13～36 h的预报场
Figure 3. Diagram of six simulations in July 2010, the dashed and solid lines on arrows are the spin-up time and 13–36-h forecasts, respectively
图 4 北京地区参考站（黑色三角）和城市站（红色圆点）的分布，红色星表示北京观象台的位置
Figure 4. Distribution of reference stations (black triangles) and urban stations (red dots) in Beijing, red star indicates the location of the Beijing Observatory Station
图 5 2010年7月2～6日平均的北京地区2 m高度处气温（单位：°C）：（a）05:00；（b）10:00；（c）16:00；（d）21:00。彩色阴影为模拟值，填色圆圈为观测值
Figure 5. Temperature (units: °C) at 2-m height averaged for 2–6 July 2010 in Beijing: (a) 0500 BJT; (b) 1000 BJT; (c) 1600 BJT; (d) 2100 BJT. The shadings indicate the numerical results, shaded circles indicate observations
图 6 2010年7月2～6日平均的北京地区模拟的（上）、观测的（下）城市热岛强度（单位：°C）：（a、e）5:00；（b、f）10:00；（c、g）16:00；（d、h）21:00
Figure 6. Simulated (upper) and observed (lower) IUHI (units: °C, urban-heat-island intensity) averaged for 2–6 July 2010 in Beijing: (a, d) 0500 BJT; (b, f) 1000 BJT; (c, g) 1600 BJT; (d, h) 2100 BJT
图 7 2010年7月2～6日平均的北京（a）城市气温、（b）乡村气温和（c）城市热岛强度的日变化
Figure 7. Diurnal variations of (a) urban temperature, (b) rural temperature, and (c) IUHI averaged for 2–6 July 2010 in Beijing
图 8 2010年7月5日（a）05:00、（b）17:00北京地区2 m高度处气温（单位：°C），彩色阴影为模拟值，填色圆圈为观测值
Figure 8. Temperature (units: °C) at 2-m height in Beijing at (a) 0500 BJT, (b) 1700 BJT on 5 July 2010, the shadings indicate the numerical results, shaded circles indicate observations
图 9 2010年7月5日北京地区（a、b）模拟的、（c、d）观测的城市热岛强度（单位：°C）：（a、c）05:00；（b、d）17:00
Figure 9. (a, b) Simulated, (c, d) observed IUHI (units: ℃) in Beijing on 5 July 2010: (a, c) 0500 BJT; (b, d) 1700 BJT
图 10 2010年7月2～6日观测的和模拟的北京地区逐时（a）城市气温、（b）乡村气温、（c）城市热岛强度
Figure 10. Simulated and observed hourly (a) urban temperatures, (b) rural temperatures, and (c) IUHI in Beijing during 2–6 July 2010
图 11 2010年7月2～6日模拟的北京城市站、参考站气温和城市热岛强度的逐日偏差（单位：°C）
Figure 11. Daily biases (units: °C) of simulated temperatures at urban stations, reference stations, and IUHI in Beijing during 2–6 July 2010
图 12 2010年7月5日模拟的北京地区地表向上的（a、b）感热通量和（c、d）潜热通量（单位：W m−2）：（a、c）05:00；（b、d）17:00
Figure 12. Simulated upward (a, b) sensible and (c, d) latent heat fluxes (units: W m−2) for surface of Beijing area on 5 July 2010: (a, c) 0500 BJT; (b, d) 1700 BJT
图 13 2010年7月5日模拟的北京地区（a、b）2 m高度处的相对湿度，（c、d）10 m高度处风场（箭头，单位：m s−1）、2 m高度处温度（彩色阴影，单位：°C）：（a、c）05:00；（b、d）17:00
Figure 13. Simulated (a, b) relative humidity at 2-m height, (c, d) wind (arrows, units: m s−1) at 10-m height and temperature (color shadings, units: °C) at 2-m height in Beijing on 5 July 2010: (a, c) 0500 BJT; (b, d) 1700 BJT
图 14 2010年7月5日模拟的（a）05:00、（b）17:00北京地区边界层高度（单位：m）
Figure 14. Simulated boundary layer heights (units: m) in Beijing at (a) 0500 BJT, (b) 1700 BJT on 5 July 2010
图 15 2010年7月5日模拟的（a）05:00、（b）17:00城区（40.0°N, 116.5°E）、乡村（40.0°N, 116.7°E）代表格点位温（单位：K）廓线
Figure 15. Profiles of simulated potential temperature (units: K) at urban grid point (40.0°N, 116.5°E) and rural grid (40.0°N, 116.7°E) at (a) 0500 BJT, (b) 1700 BJT on 5 July 2010
图 16 2010年7月5日17时沿40°N的（a）垂直速度（彩色阴影，单位：m s−1）、流线（带箭头的实线）；（b）相对湿度（彩色阴影，单位：%）和温度（实线，单位：°C）的垂直剖面。黑色三角形为北京的位置
Figure 16. Vertical cross sections of (a) vertical speed (color shadings, units: m s−1), streamlines (the solid lines with arrows); (b) relative humidity (color shadings, units:%), and temperature (solid lines, units: °C) along 40°N at 1700 BJT on 5 July 2010. The black triangles indicate the location of Beijing
表 1 模式主要参数
Table 1. Major model parameters
类别 设置 区域中心 （40.25°N, 116.25°E） （40.25°N, 116.25°E） （40.25°N, 116.25°E） 垂直方向层数 38 38 38 模式顶 50 hPa 50 hPa 50 hPa 1 km以下的层数 13层 13层 13层 嵌套重数 3重 3重 3重 水平格距 27 km 9 km 3 km 水平网格（x, y） 97×94 79×79 64×70 微物理方案 WSM6 WSM6 WSM6 长波辐射方案 RRTM RRTM RRTM 短波辐射方案 Dudhia Dudhia Dudhia 表面层方案 Monin-Obukhov Monin-Obukhov Monin-Obukhov 陆面方案 Noah Noah Noah 城市冠层方案 UCM UCM UCM 边界层方案 BouLac BouLac BouLac 积云参数化方案 Kain-Fritch 无 无 
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表 2 北京地区参考站的信息
Table 2. Information of the reference weather stations in Beijing
站名 缩写 经度 纬度 与城区海拔差/m 安定 AD 116.51°E 39.62°N −24.5 南召 NZ 116.11°E 39.61°N −14.5 凤凰岭 FHL 116.10°E 40.11°N 24.5 永乐店 YLD 116.78°E 39.68°N −31.5 庞各庄 PGZ 116.34°E 39.62°N −14.5 东新城 DXC 116.45°E 40.22°N −0.7 龙湾屯 LWT 116.85°E 40.23°N 3.5 大孙各庄 DSGZ 116.92°E 40.09°N −13.5 平均 116.51°E 39.90°N −8.9
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表 3 2010年7月2～6日平均的北京地区2 m高度处气温模拟与观测的比较
Table 3. Comparison of simulated and observed temperatures at 2-m height averaged on 2–6 July 2010 in Beijing
模拟/°C 观测/°C BIAS/°C RMSE/°C R 城市站气温 33.25 32.07 1.18 2.60 0.90 参考站气温 31.28 30.43 0.85 2.57 0.90 IUHI 1.97 1.64 0.33 1.99 0.45 注：BIAS是模拟与观测的偏差；RMSE表示均方根误差；R是相关系数。
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