The Causes of Variation in the Zonal Asymmetry of the Asian Westerly Jet and Its Impacts on East Asian Climate in Boreal Summer
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摘要: 利用美国NOAA（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration）的CMAP（Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation）月平均降水资料、NCEP/DOE（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Design of Experiments）II的月平均再分析资料和中国气象局国家信息中心提供的中国160站逐月降水和平均气温资料，通过定义一个亚洲急流纬向非均匀性指数（IAja），分析了1979～2019年夏季亚洲西风急流纬向非均匀性的年际变化特征，揭示了夏季亚洲急流纬向非均匀性变化异常的成因及其对东亚夏季降水和气温的影响。结果表明：夏季亚洲西风急流纬向非均匀性具有显著的年际变化特征，并存在6～8年和2年左右的振荡周期。当急流纬向非均匀性典型偏强（弱）年，东亚东部地区从低纬到高纬，降水异常主要呈现出偏多—偏少—偏多（偏少—偏多—偏少）的经向分布；气温则在中国西部地区和日本北部偏高（低），贝加尔湖地区偏低（高）。引起夏季亚洲急流纬向非均匀性异常的可能原因如下：由大气非绝热加热异常而引起的热带和中纬度地区辐合/辐散运动造成的涡度源强迫，和来自西风带中波扰动能量的注入，两者共同作用形成并维持了与急流纬向非均匀性强弱变化相联系的异常环流，从而使亚洲急流东、西段强度差异增强（减弱），进而有利于急流纬向非均匀性异常偏强（偏弱）。而上述西风带中波扰动能量的东传可能与北大西洋海表面温度异常有关。这对于深刻理解夏季亚洲急流纬向非均匀性异常的形成机理提供了有用的线索。Abstract: Based on CMAP (Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation) monthly mean rainfall data and NCEP/DOE (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Design of Experiments) II Reanalysis data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and the monthly precipitation and average temperature data from NMIC (National Meteorological Information Center), the authors defined an index (IAja) that describes the zonal asymmetric variation of the Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere, from which the authors investigated the characteristics of the intensity difference between the eastern and western parts of the Asian westerly jet and its impacts on the climate of East Asia from 1979 to 2019. The conclusions are as follows: There are prominent interannual variations in the zonal asymmetry of the Asian summer westerly jet, with significant quasi-periods of 6–8 years and 2 years. When the zonal asymmetry of the Asian summer westerly jet is typically strong (weak), the wave-like anomalous rainfall pattern generates positive (negative)—negative (positive)—positive (negative) signs in the lower to higher latitudes in the East Asia sector along with negative (positive) temperature anomalies in the Lake Baikal area, and simultaneously significant positive (negative) anomalies in regions in West China and North Japan. The divergent and convergent wind components by the anomalous diabatic heating as a potential vorticity source directly induce the circulation anomalies in the mid-latitudes. The anomalous anticyclonic circulation causes the intensity of the west Asian jet to increase and the eastern segment to decrease, which strengthens the zonal asymmetry of the Asian summer westerly jet. The formation of and support provided by the zonal asymmetric anomalies of the Asian jet are affected by their convergence and divergence in the tropics and mid-latitudes, as well as the eastward propagation of wave energy in the westerlies. This eastward propagation of wave energy may be related to the sea surface temperature anomaly of the Northern Atlantic. These results facilitate a better understanding of the formation mechanisms of the zonal asymmetry of the Asian summer westerly jet.
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Key words:
- Asian westerly jet /
- Zonal asymmetry /
- East Asian climate /
- Boreal summer
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图 1 1979～2019年夏季（6～8月）200 hPa（a）纬向风平均场（等值线，单位：m s−1）及均方差（阴影，单位：m2 s−2），（b）亚洲区域（0°～70°N，65°～160°E）纬向风距平EOF第一模态（阴影、等值线，单位：×102），（c）急流东段强度指数IIEj（虚线）及西段强度指数IIWj（实线）时间序列（点虚线是各自的平均值），（d）急流纬向非均匀性指数IAja的时间序列（柱状，点虚线表示0.3倍标准差，实线为九点二次平滑值），（e）急流纬向非均匀性指数IAja序列的Morlet小波变换功率谱（阴影区表示通过90%信度水平检验，打点区域为受边界影响区）
Figure 1. Climatology of (a) the zonal wind (contours, units: m s−1) and the variance (shadings, units: m2 s−2), (b) the first empirical orthogonal function mode of the zonal wind anomalies (shading, contours, units: ×102) over Asia (0°–70°N, 65°–160°E), (c) the time series of the intensity of the East Asian jet stream (IIEj, dashed line, lower dotted-dashed line indicates mean value) and west Asian jet stream (IIWj, solid line, upper dotted-dashed line indicates mean value), (d) the time series of IAja (Index of Asian jet stream asymmetry) index (bars, dotted-dashed line indicates ±0.3
$\sigma $ (standard deviation), solid line denotes the nine-point quadratic smoothing result), (e) the power spectrum of the Morlet wavelet transform for index IAja (shading areas represent the power spectrum above the 90% confidence level, dotted areas indicate the cone of influence) averaged in JJA (June, July, August) at 200 hPa during 1979–2019
图 2 （a）200 hPa纬向风距平（单位：m s−1，阴影部分通过90%信度水平的显著性检验），（b）850 hPa（灰色阴影表示海拔高于850 hPa的区域）旋转风场（流线）、辐散风场（箭头，单位：m s−1，红色箭头表示超过90%信度水平显著性检验的辐散风）、涡度制造项（阴影，单位：1010 m s−2，黄色系表示负涡度，绿色系表示正涡度，黑色虚线所围区域表示涡度制造项通过90%信度水平显著性检验的区域）的合成差值场（差值场指夏季亚洲急流纬向非均匀性异常典型偏强年减去典型偏弱年，下同），（c）同（b），但为200 hPa的合成差值场
Figure 2. Composite differences (positive IAja years minus negative IAja years, the same below) of (a) the zonal wind anomalies (units: m s−1, shaded areas indicate anomalies above the 90% confidence level) at 200 hPa, rotational wind (streamlines) and divergent wind (arrows, units: m s−1, the red arrows indicate divergent wind exceeding the 90% confidence level), vorticity production term (shadings, units: 1010 m s−2, the yellow (green) shadings indicate negative (positive) values, the areas enclosed by the black dashed line represent the vorticity production term above the 90% confidence level) at (b) 850 hPa (gray shadings indicate the altitudes are higher than 850 hPa) and (c) 200 hPa
图 3 （a）非绝热加热率异常、（b）垂直运动异常所致动力加热率和（c）整层水平温度平流所致动力加热率异常的合成差值。所有变量均自地表积分至100 hPa，红（蓝）色阴影表示正（负）值，黑色虚线所围区域表示加热率通过90%信度水平的显著性检验
Figure 3. Composite differences in (a) the diabatic heating rate anomalies, (b) the dynamic heating rate due to the vertical motion anomalies, and (c) the dynamic heating rate anomalies due to the horizontal temperature advection. All variables are integrated from the surface to 100 hPa, the red (blue) shadings indicate positive (negative) values, the areas enclosed by the black dashed line represent heating rate above the 90% confidence level
图 4 （a）850 hPa、（b）200 hPa波作用通量（箭头，单位：m2 s−2）和波作用通量散度（阴影，单位：10−6 m2 s−2）的合成差值分布
Figure 4. Composite differences in the wave-activity fluxes (arrows, units: m2 s−2) and the divergence of the wave-activity fluxes (shadings, units: 10−6 m2 s−2) at (a) 850 hPa and (b) 200 hPa
图 5 海表温度距平合成差值分布（单位：10−1 °C），阴影表示通过90%信度水平的显著性检验
Figure 5. Composite differences in the sea surface temperature anomalies (units: 10−1 °C), the shadings areas indicate the values above 90% confidence level
图 6 夏季（a）降水距平场、（b）地面2米高度处气温距平场与IAja的相关分布，阴影表示通过90%信度水平的显著性检验
Figure 6. Correlations between the JJA (a) rainfall anomalies, (b) air temperature anomalies at 2-m height and IAja, the shadings areas represent correlations above 90% confidence level
图 7 （a）整层（从地表积分至300 hPa）、（b）700 hPa水汽通量（只绘制出通过90%信度水平显著性检验的水汽通量（红色箭头），单位：g cm−1 hPa−1 s−1）、水汽通量散度（阴影，单位：10−6 g cm−2 hPa−1 s−1，黑色虚线区域为通过90%信度水平的显著性检验区域）的距平合成差值分布
Figure 7. Composite differences in the vapor fluxes anomalies (the water vapor fluxes above the 90% confidence level are showed by the red arrows, units: g cm−1 hPa−1 s−1) and the fluxes divergence anomalies (shadings, units: 10−6 g cm−2 hPa−1 s−1, the areas enclosed by the black dashed line indicate the values above the 90% confidence level) (a) integrated from the surface to 300 hPa and (b) at 700 hPa
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