Impacts of An Overshooting Deep Convection Process over Subtropical Asian Monsoon Region on the Variation of the Lower Stratospheric Atmospheric Composition
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摘要: 穿透性对流是导致北半球夏季平流层低层南亚高压内水汽极值形成的重要机制之一，关于副热带东亚季风区穿透性对流是否对平流层低层水汽等物质分布存在影响目前尚不清楚。本文选取2016年的武汉暴雨事件，采用Cloudsat和Aura Microwave Limb Sounder（MLS）卫星数据，分析了东亚季风区的穿透性对流活动对上对流层/下平流层物质分布的影响。利用CloudSat卫星资料云分类产品和Aura MLS卫星数据联合分析武汉暴雨过程中捕捉到1次穿透性对流事件，该事件发生于2016年7月4日05时（协调世界时）的穿透性对流，中心位于海上梅雨带区域。分析表明，这次对流穿透事件对上对流层/下平流层物质分布有显著影响，穿透性对流活动影响到对流层顶以上的物质分布，具体表现是：首先，穿透性对流显著减少了局地对流层顶附近的臭氧含量，较之气候态对流层顶臭氧含量偏少32.53%；其次，穿透性对流能够增加局地对流层顶附近的水汽混合比含量，它通过更多的云冰粒子蒸发来增强局地平流层水汽含量，同时通过更强的垂直水汽输送来直接加湿平流层。此次穿透性对流事件对水汽变化影响较之对臭氧含量变化的影响更为显著，它使得对流层顶水汽混合比增加近乎一倍（98.15%）。因此，副热带东亚季风区的穿透性对流活动对于对流层向平流层的物质输送起着重要的作用。Abstract: The rapid transport associated with overshooting deep convection is essential for the summertime water vapor maxima in the lower stratosphere over the Asian monsoon region. However, the impacts of overshooting deep convection over the subtropical Asian monsoon region on the distribution of the lower stratospheric atmospheric composition have not been fully addressed. In this study, the authors use CloudSat and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder satellite data to investigate the characteristics of overshooting deep convections in Wuhan rainstorm during 2016. The concentrations of water vapor (H2O), ice water content (IWC), and ozone (O3) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere during overshooting deep convections are analyzed. Overshooting deep convection case, which occurred at 0500 UTC on 4 July 2016, considerably reduced the ozone mixing ratio near the tropopause. Specifically, it led to a 32.53% decrease in the climatological mean ozone mixing ratio. The overshooting convection is also found to enhance the moisture content in the lower subtropical stratosphere, and this hydrating effect has two mechanisms: that induced by ice particle evaporation and that by the convective moisture flux itself. Overshooting convection results in a greater change in the moisture (about 98.15% increase of the climatology) than in the ozone. Our study results indicate that the local overshooting convections over the subtropical Asian monsoon region in boreal summer are important factors in the transport of water vapor from the troposphere into the low stratosphere.
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图 1 2016年6月30日至7月5日CloudSat卫星扫过时段的（a1–f1）小时降雨量（单位：mm h−1）的空间分布，（a2–f2）沿着卫星轨道雷达回波强度（单位：dBZ）的纬度—高度分布：（a1、a2）6月30日04:59（协调世界时，下同）、（b1、b2）7月1日05:46、（c1、c2）7月2日04:47、（d1、d2）7月3日05:34、（e1、e2）7月4日04:38、（f1、f2）7月5日05:22。绿色直线表示CloudSat卫星轨道分布
Figure 1. (a1–f1) The spatial distributions of hourly precipitation (units: mm h−1) and (a2–f2) the latitude–height distributions of radar echoes (units: dBZ) along the satellite CloudSat orbits at (a1, a2) 0459 UTC 30 June, (b1, b2) 0546 UTC July, (c1, c2) 0447 UTC 2 July, (d1, d2) 0534 UTC 3 July, (e1, e2) 0438 UTC 4 July, (f1, f2) 0522 UTC 5 July 2016. The green lines represent the orbits of satellite CloudSat
图 2 2016年（a）6月30日04:59、（b）7月1日05:46、（c）7月2日04:47、（d）7月3日05:34、（e）7月4日04:38、（f）7月5日05:22沿卫星CloudSat轨道方向的云类型分布图像。红色：深对流云（Dc）；浅蓝色：高卷云（As）；深蓝色：卷云（Ci）；橙色：高积云（Ac）；灰色：层云（St）；淡紫色：层积云（Sc）；深紫色：积云（Cu）；深粉色：积雨云（Ns）。黑色实线之间区域表示降水主雨带区域；黑色虚线代表微波临边雷达（MLS）扫过主雨带深对流云区的位置。浅橙色实线代表动力学对流层顶高度；浅橙色虚线代表热力学对流层顶高度
Figure 2. Distributions of cloud types (shown in different colors) along satellite CloudSat orbits at (a) 0459 UTC 30 June, (b) 05461 UTC July, (c) 0447 UTC 2 July, (d) 0534 UTC 3 July, (e) 0438 UTC 4 July, (f) 0522 UTC 5 July 2016. Red: deep convective clouds (Dc); light blue: altostratus (As); dark blue: cirrus clouds (Ci); orange: altocumulus (Ac); gray: stratus (St); light purple: stratocumulus (Sc); dark purple: cumulus (Cu); dark pink: nimbostratus (Ns). The areas between the black solid lines represent the main rain belt range; black dashed lines indicate locations that the MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) swept over the deep convective clouds region over the main rain belt. The orange solid and dashed lines show the dynamic and thermodynamic tropopause heights, respectively
图 3 MLS轨道分布。直线C–H分别为2016年6月30日到7月5日的MLS轨道分布，灰色框标注区域为主雨带区域，黑色点表示卫星扫描位置
Figure 3. Orbital maps based on the MLS. Lines C-H indicate the MLS orbits from 30 June to 5 July 2016, gray box marks main rain belt area, black dots represent the position scanned by the satellite
图 4 2016年6月30日至7月6日基于MLS数据的主雨带区域（图3中灰色框标注区域）平均的（a）水汽体积混合比（单位：10−6）、（b）臭氧体积混合比（单位：10−6）、（c）冰水含量（单位：10−3 g m−3）随时间的演变
Figure 4. Time evolutions of (a) water vapor volume mixing ratio (WVVMR, units: 10−6), (b) ozone volume mixing ratio (OVMR, units: 10−6), and (c) ice water content (IWC, units: 10−3 g m−3) based on the MLS data averaged over the main rain band (gray frame in Fig. 3) from 30 June to 6 July 2016
图 5 2016年7月4日沿轨道剖面MLS数据的（a）臭氧体积混合比（单位：10−6）、（b）水汽体积混合比（单位：10−6）、（c）相对于冰的相对湿度、（d）冰水含量（单位：10−3 g m−3）、（e）温度（单位：K）的纬度—高度分布。箭头代表垂直速度（单位：10−3 Pa s−1）。橙色直线包围区域为深对流区域。黑色实线表示动力学对流层顶高度；黑色虚线表示热力学对流层顶高度
Figure 5. The latitude–height distributions of (a) OVMR (units: 10−6), (b) WVVRM (units: 10−6), (c) relative humidity relative to ice (RHI), (d) IWC (units: 10−3 g m−3), and (e) temperature (units: K) based on the MLS data along the orbit on 4 July 2016. The black arrows indicate vertical velocity (units: 10−3 Pa s−1). The areas between the orange lines are deep convection areas. The black solid and dashed lines show the dynamic and thermodynamic tropopause heights, respectively
图 6 MLS数据中个例A（黑色实线）、B（灰色实线）中（a）臭氧体积混合比变化率、（b）水汽体积混合比变化率（相对2005～2012年6～7月气候态）的垂直廓线。红色实线代表动力学对流层顶高度，紫色实线表示热力学对流层顶高度
Figure 6. Vertical profiles of (a) OVMR change ratio, (b) WVVRM change ratio (relative to climatology on June–July 2005–2016) during overshooting deep convection case A (black solid line) and B (gray solid line) based on the MLS data. The red and purple solid lines indicate the dynamic and thermodynamic tropopause heights, respectively
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