Numerical Simulation of the Local Circulation of Complex Topography on the Gaoligong Mountains
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摘要: 本文利用中尺度模式WRF（weather research and forecasting）模拟了2016年干季和湿季高黎贡山南段（腾冲—保山地区）山谷风环流，分析YSU、MYJ、MYNN3、ACM2和BouLac五种边界层参数化方案在高黎贡山复杂下垫面的适用性。研究结果表明YSU方案对温度模拟的效果最好；ACM2模拟的风速平均绝对误差最小；MYNN3方案模拟的风向绝对误差最小，YSU方案和MYJ方案模拟的风向日变化趋势与观测更加一致。高黎贡山南段地区上午09时（北京时，下同）出现谷风环流，夜间19时转为山风环流。白天多为偏南风，夜间为偏北风和偏西风。白天山顶气流辐合而山谷气流辐散，夜间相反。白天风速大于夜间。干季西风风力较弱，有利于低层局地环流的发展；而湿季受较强的偏东背景风影响时，局地环流的发展受到抑制，边界层高度也就低于干季。干季西风遇到高黎贡山，在西坡下沉并形成涡旋，西侧湍流混合充分，边界层高度高；湿季偏东风使高黎贡山西侧谷风减弱，腾冲与保山的边界层高度相差不大。Abstract: In this paper, the mesoscale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate mountain-valley wind circulation in the region of south Gaoligong Mountains in the dry and wet seasons, in 2016, respectively. The applicability of five layer parameterization schemes (YSU, MYJ, MYNN3, ACM2 and BouLac) under complex underlying surface of the Gaoligong Mountains is compared. The results show that the YSU scheme performs best in temperature simulation. The mean absolute error of wind speed simulated by the ACM2 scheme is the smallest, and the absolute error of wind direction simulated by the MYNN3 scheme is the smallest. The diurnal variation of wind direction simulated by the YSU and MYJ schemes is more consistent with the observation. Valley wind circulation in the southern Gaoligong Mountains appears at 0900 BJT and turns to mountain wind circulation at 1900 BJT. Southerly wind mostly prevails in the daytime and northerly and westerly wind at night. During the day, the airflow converges at the top of the mountain and diverges in the valley. At night, it is opposite. The wind speed in daytime is greater than that at night. In the dry season, the west wind is weak, which is conducive to the development of local circulation in the lower troposphere. In the wet season, the eastward background wind is strong, suppressing the development of local circulation; thus, the height of the boundary layer is shorter than that in the dry season. In the dry season, the westerly wind meets the Gaoligong Mountains, sinks on the west slope, and forms vortices, and then the turbulence on the west side is well mixed, leading to a deep boundary layer. In the wet season, the easterly wind weakens the valley wind on the west side of Gaoligong Mountains, and the height of the boundary layer between Tengchong and Baoshan is similar.
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图 1 （a）四重模拟区域；（b）d04区域模拟地形高度（阴影）及站点位置（GLGM代表高黎贡山，T代表腾冲站，B代表保山站）；（c）d04区域MODIS 20类土地利用情况
Figure 1. (a) Model domains (d01, d02, d03, and d04); (b) terrain height of d04 and locations of two stations (GLGM is Gaoligong mountains, T is Tengchong station and B is Baoshan station); and (c) land use type of d04 from MODIS 20-class dataset
图 2 2016年12月4日08时（北京时，下同）（a）850 hPa位势高度场（单位：dagpm）和（b）海平面气压场（单位：hPa）；2016年9月27日08时850 hPa（c）位势高度场（单位：dagpm）和（d）海平面气压场（单位：hPa）（G代表高中心，D代表低中心）
Figure 2. (a) 850-hPa geopotential height field (units: dagpm) and (b) sea-level pressure field (units: hPa) at 0800 BJT 4 December 2016, (c) 850-hPa geopotential height field (units: dagpm) and (d) sea-level pressure field (units: hPa) at 0800 BJT 27 September 2016. G stands for high center, D stands for low center
图 3 2016年腾冲站（黑色）和保山站（灰色）气温（单位：℃）（a）年变化和（b）日变化
Figure 3. (a) Annual variation and (b) daily variation of air temperature (unit: °C) at Tengchong station (black) and Baoshan station (gray) in 2016
图 4 2016年腾冲站（黑色）和保山站（灰色）相对湿度（a）年变化和（b）日变化
Figure 4. (a) Annual variation and (b) daily variation of relative humidity at Tengchong station (black) and Baoshan station (gray) in 2016
图 5 2016年腾冲站（a）干季、（b）湿季和保山站（c）干季、（d）湿季风玫瑰图
Figure 5. Wind roses of (a) dry season and (b) wet season at Tengchong station and (c) dry season and (d) wet season at Baoshan station in 2016
图 6 2016年12月4日观测值与5种边界层参数化方案模拟值对比：（a）2 m温度（单位：°C）；（b）10 m风向 [单位：(°)]；（c）10 m风速日变化（单位：m s−1）；（d）10 m风速箱图
Figure 6. Comparison of observed values on 4 December 2016 with the simulated values of five boundary layer parameterization schemes: (a) 2-m temperature (units: °C); (b) 10-m wind direction [units: (°)] of daily variation; (c) 10-m wind speed (units: m s−1); (d) box chart of 10-m wind speed
图 7 模拟的2016年干季（12月4日）10 m风场（箭头，单位：m s−1）、2 m温度（阴影，单位：°C）和地形高度（等值线，单位：m）：（a）02:00；（b）10:00；（c）14:00；（d）20:00
Figure 7. Simulated the 10-m wind field (black vector, units: m s−1), 2-m temperature (shaded, units: °C), and terrain height (contour, units: m) in 2016 dry season (December 4th): (a) 0200 BJT; (b) 1000 BJT; (c) 1400 BJT; (d) 2000 BJT
图 8 2016年干季（12月4日）沿25.23°N的位温（填色，单位：K）、风场（箭头，单位：m/s）的垂直剖面（黑色阴影是海拔超过800 m的地形）：（a）02:00；（b）10:00；（c）14:00；（d）20:00
Figure 8. Vertical cross sections of potential temperature (shaded, unit: K) and wind field (vector, unit: m s−1) at 25.23°N in 2016 dry season (December 4th) (Black shadows are terrain over 800 m above sea level): (a) 0200 BJT; (b) 1000 BJT; (c) 1400 BJT; (d) 2000 BJT
图 11 模式中干季（2016年12月4日）（黑色）、湿季（2016年9月27日）（灰色）腾冲站（方框）和保山站（圆点）的边界层高度（单位：m）对比
Figure 11. Comparison of boundary layer height (units: m) between Tengchong station (square) and Baoshan station (dot) of dry season (4 December 2016) (black) and wet season (27 September 2016) (gray) in model
表 1 腾冲站和保山站全年、干季和湿季的日平均气温（单位：°C）和相对湿度
Table 1. Daily average air temperature (units: °C) and relative humidity at Tengchong and Baoshan stations throughout the year, dry and wet seasons
温度/°C 相对湿度 腾冲 保山 腾冲 保山 全年 15.77 17.67 81.45% 67.78% 干季 12.09 14.00 76.72% 62.54% 湿季 19.40 21.30 86.16% 72.96% 
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表 2 五种边界层参数化方案对温度、风向和风速的模拟值与观测值的平均绝对误差
Table 2. Mean absolute errors between observed and simulated values of air temperature, wind direction, and wind speed by the five boundary layer parameterization schemes
五种边界层参数化方案平均绝对误差 YSU MYJ MYNN3 ACM2 BouLac 温度/°C 1.41 2.39 2.47 1.41 1.50 风向/(°) 62.09 57.51 56.86 62.41 59.05 风速/m s−1 1.04 1.01 1.03 0.88 1.07
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