大气冰核：研究进展与挑战

吴志军; 陈洁; 陈景川; 顾文君; 唐明金; 丁德平; 银燕; 胡敏

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2010.20121

大气冰核：研究进展与挑战

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2010.20121

吴志军^{1, 2, ,},
陈洁^1,,
陈景川¹,
顾文君³,
唐明金³,
丁德平^{4, 6},
银燕⁵,
胡敏^{1, 2}

1.
北京大学环境科学与工程学院环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室，北京 100871
2.
南京信息工程大学大气环境与装备技术协同创新中心，南京 210044
3.
中国科学院广州地球化学研究所有机地球化学国家重点实验室，广州 510640
4.
北京市人工影响天气办公室，北京 100089
5.
南京信息工程大学中国气象局气溶胶云相互作用重点实验室，南京 210044
6.
云降水物理研究和云水资源开发北京市重点实验室，北京 100089

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41875149、91844301、42011530121、41775138

详细信息

作者简介:
吴志军，男，1978年出生，研究员，主要从事新粒子生成、颗粒物吸湿性、大气冰核研究。E-mail: zhijunwu@pku.edu.cn

陈洁，女，1993年出生，博士研究生，主要从事大气冰核研究。E-mail: 1601111741@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者:
吴志军，E-mail: zhijunwu@pku.edu.cn

中图分类号: P401
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-03-05
- 录用日期: 2020-11-02
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-24
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-15

Ice Nucleating Particles in the Atmosphere—Progress and Challenges

Zhijun WU^{1, 2
, ,},
Jie CHEN^1
,,
Jingchuan CHEN¹,
WenJun GU³,
Mingjin TANG³,
Deping DING^{4, 6},
Yan YIN⁵,
Min HU^{1, 2}

1.
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
3.
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640
4.
Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089
5.
Key Laboratory for Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
6.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources (LCPW), Beijing 100089

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41875149, 91844301, 42011530121, 41775138)

摘要

摘要: 大气冰核参与初始冰晶的异质形成，影响冰云的微物理过程和辐射性质。阐明大气冰核浓度、来源、性质及活化成冰的微观机制，是深入认识气溶胶与云相互作用的关键。本文梳理了近年来国内外在冰核测量技术、冰核活化机制、外场观测及其参数化方案等几个方面取得的进展，明晰了冰核研究存在的挑战。此外，本文也指出了我国加强大气冰核研究的必要性和迫切性。
- 大气冰核 /
- 气溶胶 /
- 云 /
- 气候变化
Abstract: Atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INPs) trigger the heterogeneous ice nucleation, which significantly affects the microphysics and radiative properties of ice clouds. For better understanding of the aerosol-cloud interactions and their associated climatic effects, it is crucial to elucidate the abundance, sources, and ice nucleation mechanisms of INPs in the atmosphere. This review compiles the recent progress made in the INP detection techniques, ice nucleation activities and mechanisms of representative aerosol particles, and the developed ice nucleation parameterizations based on the field and lab investigations. The critical challenges and open questions in the atmospheric INP research field are pointed out. Finally, we highlight the urgent needs to promote the ice nucleation studies in China.
- Ice nucleating particles /
- Aerosols /
- Clouds /
- Climate change

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图 1 冰核测量技术

Figure 1. Measuring techniques of ice nucleating particles

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图 2 典型冰核来源汇总

Figure 2. Summary of typical ice nucleating particle sources

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图 3 不同来源的生物颗粒单位质量活性位点数（n_m）随温度变化的结果（根据Kanji et al., 2017修改，© American Meteorological Society. Used with permission）

Figure 3. Ice-active mass site density (n_m) of biological particles originated from different sources as a function of temperature (Kanji et al., 2017, © American Meteorological Society. Used with permission)

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表 1 冰核测量代表性仪器

Table 1. Representative measuring instruments of ice nucleating particles

仪器类型	代表性仪器	仪器优点	不足之处
云室	膨胀云室（AIDA）（Möhler et al., 2003）混合云室（FINC）（Bundke et al., 2008）连续流扩散云室（CFDC）（Rogers, 1988）基于流动管的测量方法（LACIS）（Hartmann et al., 2011）基于风洞的测量方法（Diehl et al., 2014）	无基板影响、保持气溶胶的悬浮状态	造价高、多为原位测量，不适用于外场连续观测
颗粒物预收集	冷台法（Budke and Koop, 2015）	构造简单、操作方便、检测限低	基板影响、液滴或颗粒物之间存在相互影响、预先收集改变颗粒物的性质
单颗粒/液滴	电动力平衡悬浮器(EDB)、声悬浮器（Rzesanke et al., 2012; Hoffmann et al., 2013a, 2013b; Diehl et al., 2014）	无基板影响	液滴荷电的影响未知、可测定的液滴/颗粒物尺寸有要求
注: Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere缩写为AIDA；Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator缩写为LACIS；Fast Ice Nucleation CHamber缩写为FINCH；Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber缩写为CFDC；ElectroDynamic Balance levitator缩写为EDB

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表 2 中国开展的冰核外场观测汇总

Table 2. Summary of field measurements on ice nucleating particles in China

参考文献	观测地区	观测年份	观测背景	仪器方法	成核方式	温度/°C	浓度/L⁻¹
（游来光和石安英, 1964）	北京	1963	城市/沙尘	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−30～−15	1.0～313
(游来光等, 2002)	北京	1995～1996	城市/沙尘	Bigg型冰核计数仪、过滤膜采样— 扩散云室法	所有	−30～−15	14.7～5285
（Che et al., 2018）	北京	2017	城市	混合云室	所有	−30～−10	0.18～496
（Chen et al., 2018b）	北京	2017	城市	冷台	浸润冻结	−25～−6	10⁻³～10
（Bi et al., 2019）	北京	2018	城市	CFDC-IAS		−30, −25, −20	70～430
（杨磊等, 2013b）	南京	2011	连续观测	静力扩散云室	所有	−25～−10	0.22～514.49
（陈金荣, 1994）	南京	1991	郊区	滤膜法	凝华	−20.3～−19.2	0.04～0.57
（吴明林等, 1986）	福建建瓯石塔山	1983～1983	-	混合云室	所有	−30～−12	0.6～120.1
（葛正谟和周春科, 1986）	甘肃兰州	1982～1983	连续9个月	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−20	248
（李淑日等, 2003）	青海河南县	2001	郊区	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−30～−15	3.4～297.7
（石爱丽等, 2006）	青海河南县	2003	郊区	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−30～−15	47.4
（牛生杰等, 2000）	内蒙古阿拉善左旗巴音浩特	1994	沙漠边缘地区	Bigg 型冰核计数仪	所有	−20	1.4
（牛生杰等, 2000）	宁夏银川	1994	沙漠边远地区	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−20	3.3
（李艳伟和杜秉玉, 2003）	新疆昌吉小渠子站	2001	地面土壤	滤膜法	所有	−20	0.293
（李艳伟和杜秉玉, 2003）	新疆乌鲁木齐牧试站	2001	地面土壤	滤膜法	所有	−20	0.339
（陈金荣, 1994）	内蒙东胜	1991	-	滤膜法	凝华	−20	0.32
（苏航等, 2014）	安徽黄山	2011	背景地区	静力真空水汽扩散云室、 Bigg型冰核计数仪	凝华、凝结冻结	−30～−15	21.38
（李娟和黄庚, 2001）	甘肃玛曲	2000	高原	Bigg型冰核计数仪	所有	−30～−15	6.77
（Du et al., 2017）	内蒙古呼伦贝尔	2011～2013	生物	液滴冻结	浸润冻结	−25～−10	-
（周德平等, 2018）	辽宁沈阳	2011～2012	1.5～4.5 km 云中	静力扩散云室/ 航测	所有	−20，−15	<10, <2
（周德平等, 2016）	辽宁沈阳	2011	沙尘	静力扩散云室	所有	−20	30.49
（Li et al., 2017）	辽宁沈阳	2010～2012	雾霾	静力扩散云室	所有	−20	38.68，55.92
（Jiang et al., 2020）	山东泰安	2018	城市	静力扩散云室	凝华、凝结冻结	−20, −25	1.57，11.5; 4.82, 37.5
（Jiang et al., 2016）	新疆阿克苏地区	2014	非沙尘/沙尘	静力扩散云室	所有	−20	11,100

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表 3 冰核测量相关的参数化公式汇总

Table 3. Parameters related to the prediction of ice nucleating particles

参数化公式	说明	参考文献
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.00001\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.6T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度	（Fletcher, 1962）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.06\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.262T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度	（Meyers et al., 1992）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.005\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.304T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度	（Cooper, 1980）
${n}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N},{\rm{T}}}={a\left(273.16-T\right)}^{b}{ {n}_{aer,0.5} }^{(c\left(273.16-T\right)+d)}$	n_{IN, T}：冰核数浓度 a=0.0000594，b=3.33，c=0.0254，d=0.0033 n_{aer, 0.5}：直径大于0.5 μm的颗粒物浓度，T：温度	（DeMott et al., 2010）
$ \mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(11.2186-(0.44593T\left)\right) $	TOC（total organic carbon）：总有机碳浓度	（Wilson et al., 2015）
${n}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{T} } }=\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{f}\right)({ {n}_{a > 0.5 \mu m})}^{\left(a\left(273.16-T\right)+\beta \right)}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(\gamma \left(273.16-T\right)+\delta)$	cf=1，α= 0，δ=−11.6，β= 1.25，γ=0.46； T：温度，cf：校正因子	（DeMott et al., 2015）
$ {n}_{\mathrm{s}}\left(T\right)=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.517\left(T-273.15\right)+8.934) $	n_s(T)：单位表面积活性位点的个数	（Niemand et al., 2012）
$ {\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(n}_{\mathrm{s}})=-1.038T+275.26 $	n_s：单位表面积活性位点的个数	（Atkinson et al., 2013）
${n}_{\mathrm{s} }\left(T\right)=\displaystyle\frac{ {n}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e} } }{ {s}_{\mathrm{p} } }(1-{P}_{unfr}\left(T,{\mu }_{\theta },{\sigma }_{\theta },t\right))$	n_s(T)：单位表面积活性位点的个数 n_site：液滴总活性位点个数 S_p：液滴中含颗粒物的总表面积 P_unfr(T, μ_θ, σ_θ, t)：液滴在温度T，经过时间t后仍然保持为液态的概率 μ_θ：接触角均值，σ_θ：接触角标准差	（Peckhaus et al., 2016）
${f}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e} }=1-{\rm{exp} }(-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{S}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{M} }(1)-{P}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{r},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S} }\left(T,{\mu }_{\theta },{\sigma }_{\theta },t\right))$	λ_{INS, SBM}：平均活性位点个数 P_unfr(T, μ_θ, σ_θ, t)：液滴在温度T，经过时间t后仍然保持为液态的概率	（Niedermeier et al., 2015）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.00254\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.389T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度，T：温度	（游来光和石安英, 1964）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.0049\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.388T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度，T：温度	（杨磊等, 2013b）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.0046\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.388T) $	N_INP；冰核数浓度，T：温度	（苏航等, 2014）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.021\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.293T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度，T：温度	（Bi et al., 2018）
$ {N}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}=0.00014\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-0.546T) $	N_INP：冰核数浓度，T：温度	（Bi et al., 2018）
$ {n}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N},\mathrm{T}}=7.12 \cdot {10}^{-7} \cdot ({-T)}^{4.753}{{n}_{aer,0.5}}^{(-0.015 \cdot T+0.31)} $	n_{IN, T}：冰核数浓度，T：温度 n_{aer, 0.5}：直径大于0.5 μm的颗粒物浓度，T：温度	（Jiang et al., 2016）
${n}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N},\mathrm{T} }=8.2 \cdot {10}^{-7} \cdot ({-T)}^{3.501}({S}_{\mathrm{i} }){ {N}_{aer,0.5} }^{(-0.02 \cdot T-0.008{ \cdot S}_{\mathrm{i} }+0.37)}$	n_{aer, 0.5}：直径大于0.5 μm的颗粒物浓度，T：温度	（Jiang et al., 2016）
$ {n}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N},\mathrm{T}}=0.0026 \cdot ({-T)}^{2.3816}{{n}_{aer,0.5}}^{(-0.0256 \cdot T-0.0250)} $	n_{IN, T}：冰核数浓度，T：温度 n_aer,0.5：直径大于0.5 μm的颗粒物浓度	（Bi et al., 2019）

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