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青藏高原和落基山脉对ENSO影响的比较研究

温琴 何国瑞 杨海军

温琴, 何国瑞, 杨海军. 2022. 青藏高原和落基山脉对ENSO影响的比较研究[J]. 大气科学, 46(5): 1209−1224 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2101.21109
引用本文: 温琴, 何国瑞, 杨海军. 2022. 青藏高原和落基山脉对ENSO影响的比较研究[J]. 大气科学, 46(5): 1209−1224 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2101.21109
WEN Qin, HE Guorui, YANG Haijun. 2022. Comparison Studies of the Effect of Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains on ENSO Variability [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 46(5): 1209−1224 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2101.21109
Citation: WEN Qin, HE Guorui, YANG Haijun. 2022. Comparison Studies of the Effect of Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains on ENSO Variability [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 46(5): 1209−1224 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2101.21109

青藏高原和落基山脉对ENSO影响的比较研究

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2101.21109
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目91737204、41725021、91937302、42106016,博士后基金2021M691623
详细信息
    作者简介:

    温琴,女,1992年出生,博士,主要从事古气候和未来气候变化方面的研究。E-mail: 90776@njnu.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    杨海军,E-mail: yanghj@fudan.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P467

Comparison Studies of the Effect of Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains on ENSO Variability

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 91737204, 41725021, 91937302, 42106016), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2021M691623)
  • 摘要: 本文利用耦合气候模式研究了“有/无”青藏高原和落基山脉对厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(ENSO)的影响,并从温度变率方程的角度详细分析了ENSO变化的成因,结果表明:移除青藏高原或落基山脉均会造成ENSO变率增强;ENSO变率在无青藏高原试验中增强的幅度比在无落基山脉试验中更大。ENSO变率在地形敏感性试验中的变化与热带太平洋平均气候态的改变密切相关。移除青藏高原后热带太平洋信风减弱,大气对流中心东移,混合层变浅,温跃层变平,呈现出El Niño型海温分布,这些平均态的变化使海表风应力敏感性,Ekman抽吸敏感性以及温跃层敏感性幅度增强,最终导致ENSO振幅增大60%。然而,在移除落基山脉的情景下,热带太平洋信风变化更加复杂,大气对流中心稍有东移,混合层加深,温跃层变平,呈现出类La Niña型海温分布。这些变化增强了风应力敏感性和温跃层敏感性,最终导致ENSO振幅仅增大15%左右。本文研究表明,在地质时间尺度上青藏高原和落基山脉的抬升均抑制了ENSO变率。
  • 图  1  试验地形设置(单位:m):(a)控制试验;(b)无青藏高原试验;(c)无落基山脉试验

    Figure  1.  Topographical configuration in model experiments (units: m): (a) Control simulation with realistic topography (CTRL); (b) experiment without the Tibetan Plateau (NoTibet); (c) experiment without the Rocky Mountains (NoRocky)

    图  2  Niño-3区域(5°S~5°N, 150°~90°W)平均的(a)SST异常(SSTA,单位:°C)及(b)SST标准差(σ,单位:°C)和(c)功率谱的时间序列。为了能清楚地呈现ENSO的信号,SSTA已进行5~85月的带通滤波;(b)中,σ的计算选取了41年的滑动窗口,分别计算每一个时间窗口的SST方差,进而得到图中的时间序列;。图中绿实线、黑实线、红实线和蓝实线分别代表ERSST在1901~2000年间的观测结果、控制试验、无青藏高原试验和无落基山脉试验。图(c)中虚线代表对应试验95%的置信水平

    Figure  2.  Time series of (a) SST anomalies (SSTA, units: °C), (b) standard deviation of SSTA σ (SST, units: °C), and (c) power spectrum of SSTA averaged over the Niño-3 region (150°–90°W, 5°S–5°N). The SSTA field is smoothed with a 5–85-month band-pass filter. In (b), the σ (SST) field is smoothed with a sliding window of 41 years. In (a–c), the green, black, red, and blue curves represent data from ERSST observation (1901–2000), CTRL, NoTibet, and NoRocky experiments, respectively. In (c), the dashed curves represent 95% confidence levels

    图  3  准平衡态SSTA标准差(单位:°C)的空间分布:(a)控制试验;(b)无青藏高原试验;(c)无落基山脉。绿框代表Niño-3区域

    Figure  3.  Spatial patterns of the standard deviations of SSTA (units: °C) in the tropical Pacific: (a) CTRL experiment; (b) NoTibet experiment; (c) NoRocky experiment during quasi-equilibrium stage. The green box outlines the Niño-3 region

    图  4  准平衡态月数据求得的Niño-3区域SSTA的分布:(a)观测结果;(b)控制试验;(c)无青藏高原试验;(d)无落基山脉试验。SSTA进行了5~85个月的带通滤波。按照李艳等(2019)的做法,本文将每个月距平大于1定义为El Niño事件,小与1定义为La Niña事件

    Figure  4.  Distributions of SSTA in the Niño-3 region in (a) observation, (b) CTRL, (c) NoTibet, and (d) NoRocky experiments based on the monthly data during the quasi-equilibrium stage. The SSTA field is smoothed with a 5–85-month band-pass filter. The ENSO event represents the magnitude of SSTA larger than 1°C, following Li et al. (2019)

    图  5  准平衡态热带太平洋气候态的变化:(a,e)海表风应力(箭头;单位:10−5 N cm−2)和海表温度(填色;单位:°C)的变化;(b,f)降水减去蒸发(单位:10−5 kg m−2 s−1)的变化;(c,g)混合层深度(单位:m)的变化;(d,h)温跃层深度(单位:m)的变化。(a–d)无青藏高原试验的结果;(e–h)无落基山脉试验的结果

    Figure  5.  Quasi-equilibrium changes in the mean tropical climate: (a, e) SST (units: °C) and surface wind stress (units: 10−5 N cm−2); (b, f) precipitation minus evaporation (PmE, units: 10–5 kg m−2 s−1); (c, g) mixed layer depth (units: m); (d, h) thermocline depth (units: m). (a–d) NoTibet experiment; (e–h) NoRocky experiment

    图  6  准平衡态下无落基山脉试验中各物理场的变化:(a)850 hPa位势高度(填色,单位:m)和风矢量(箭头;单位:m s−1);(b)垂直积分的水汽输送(箭头;单位:kg m−1 s−1)和辐合辐散(填色; $-{\rho }_{a}\nabla {\boldsymbol{vq}}$; units: 10−5 kg m−2 s−1; 正值代表辐合,负值代表辐散)

    Figure  6.  Quasi-equilibrium changes in the NoRocky experiment: (a) Geopotential height (shading; units: m) and wind (vector; m/s) at 850 hPa; (b) vertical integrated moisture transport (vector; units: kg m−1 s−1) and its convergence (shading; $-{\rho }_{a}\nabla {\boldsymbol{vq}}$; 10–5 kg m−2 s−1; positive for convergence while negative for divergence)

    图  7  Niño-3区域平均的温度变率方程各项的时间序列(单位:10−6 °C2 s−1)。(a)控制试验;(b)无青藏高原试验;(c)无落基山脉试验。每个变量采用了21年的滑动窗口平均

    Figure  7.  Time evolution of the terms in the temperature variance equation (units: 10−6 °C2 s−1): (a) CTRL experiment; (b) NoTibet experiment; (c) NoRocky experiment. A 21-year sliding window has been applied to each curve

    图  8  Niño-3区域平均的垂直温度平流项分解后各个项的时间序列。左边是控制试验结果,中间是无青藏高原试验结果,右边是无落基山脉试验结果。(a, d, g)代表控制试验中的垂直平流项,其中黑线、蓝线、红线和灰线分别代表温度变率方程中的垂直平流($-{wT}'{T}_{z}$)、扰动的垂直上升流和平均温度梯度($-{{w}'T}'\bar{{T}_{z}}$)、平均垂直平流和扰动温度梯度($-\bar{w}T'{{T}'}_{z}$)以及非线性项($-{{w}'T}'{{T}'}_{z}$)。(b, e, h)代表局地项的贡献,其中浅蓝线、蓝线和虚灰线代表垂直热通量($-{{w}'T}'$)、扰动的垂直上升流和平均温度梯度($-w'{T}'\bar{{T}_{z}}$)以及平均垂直温度梯度($\bar{{T}_{z}}$),绿线和粉线代表Ekman抽吸异常($w'$)和温度异常(${T}'$)。(c, f, i)代表非局地项的贡献,其中褐线、虚灰线和红线代表$-{T}'{T'}_{z}$,平均上升流($\bar{w}$)以及平均上升流和扰动温度梯度($-\bar{w}T'{T'}_{z}$),绿线和粉线代表扰动温度的垂直梯度(${T'}_{z}$)和温度异常(${T}'$)。图中每一项都经过了21年的滑动窗口滤波。(a,d,g)各项的单位是10−6 °C2 s−1,(b,e,h,c,f,i)各项乘以换算系数以便能放在一张图上。$ w $$ {T}_{z} $的单位分别是是cm s−1和°C cm−1$\bar{w}\text{、}\bar{{T}_{z}}$${w'T}'\text{、}{T}'{T'}_{z}\text{、}{T}'\text{、}{T'}_{z}$$w'$则分别乘以了2×10−3、10−2、10−3、10−3、10、10−3和10−3

    Figure  8.  Decomposition of the vertical temperature advection term averaged in the Niño-3 region over the thermocline for CTRL (left), NoTibet (middle), and NoRocky (right) experiments. (a, d, g) the black, blue, red, and grey lines represent the total vertical temperature advection ($-w{T}'{T}_{z}$), perturbation upwelling of mean temperature gradient ($-w'{T}'\bar{{T}_{z}}$), mean upwelling of perturbation temperature gradient ($-\bar{w}T'{T'}_{z}$), and pure nonlinear term ($-w'{T}'{T'}_{z}$), respectively. (b, e, h) the light blue, blue, and dashed grey curves represent the vertical heat flux ($-w'{T}'$), perturbation upwelling of mean temperature gradient ($-w'{T}'\bar{{T}_{z}}$), and mean vertical temperature gradient (${\bar{T}}_{z}$), respectively. The green and pink curves represent the Ekman pumping ($w'$) and temperature (${T}'$) anomalies, respectively. (c, f, i) the dark red, dashed grey, and red curves represent $-{T}'{T'}_{z}$, mean upwelling ($\bar{w}$), and the mean upwelling of perturbation temperature gradient ($-\bar{w}T'{T'}_{z}$), respectively. The green and light red curves represent the vertical gradient of temperature anomaly (${T'}_{z}$) and temperature anomaly (${T}'$), respectively. A 21-year sliding window has been applied to each term. (a, d) the units are 10–6 oC2 s−1. (b, c, e, f) The terms are scaled by a factor of a certain constant such that they can be plotted in the same figure. The units of $ w $ and Tz are cm s−1 and °C cm−1, respectively. The real values of $\bar{w}$, ${\bar{T}}_{z}$, $w'T'$, ${T}'T'_{z}$, ${T}'$, ${T'}_{z}$, and ${w}'$are plotted after being multiplied by 2×10–3, 10–2, 10–3, 10–3, 10–3, and 10–3, respectively

    图  9  Niño-3区域平均的垂直平流项的局地项贡献和非局地项贡献的柱状图分布:(a)局地项及其三个子项;(b)非局地项及其三个子项。各个项的单位和换算系数和图8一致

    Figure  9.  Bar chart for the mean values of (a) the local term and its components and (b) the remote term and its components averaged in the Niño-3 region over the thermocline. The units and scale factors of these terms are the same as those in Fig. 8

    图  10  (a)控制试验中Niño-3区域平均的温度变率与局地项(蓝线)、垂直热通量项(浅蓝线)、非局地项(红线)以及${-T}'{T'}_{z}$(深红线)的超前滞后相关(横坐标代表超前/滞后时间,正值代表温度变率滞后于其他变量)。(b)控制试验中Niño-3区域平均的温度异常($ T' $)、海水垂直上升流($ {w}' $)和 Ekman抽吸($ {{w}'}_{e} $)之间的超前滞后相关(黑线、灰线和虚黑线分别代表$ {w}' $$ T' $之间、$ {{w}'}_{e} $$ T' $之间的相关系数,以及$ {w}'$$ {{w}'}_{e} $之间的相关系数。正值代表$ T'$滞后于$ {w}' $$ {T}' $ 滞后于 $ {{w}'}_{e} $,以及 $ {{w}'}_{e} $ 滞后于$ {w}' $)。(c,d)无青藏高原试验的结果;(e,f)无落基山脉试验的结果

    Figure  10.  (a) Lagged correlations between the temperature variability and local term (blue), between the temperature variability and vertical heat flux (light sky blue), and between the vertical remote term (red) and $ {-T}'{T'}_{z} $ (dark red) in the Niño-3 region in Real. A positive month means temperature variability lags the other terms. (b) Lagged correlations among the anomalous temperature ($ T' $), upwelling ($ {w}' $), and Ekman pumping ($ {{w}'}_{e} $) over the thermocline in the Niño-3 region in Real. The black, grey, and dashed black curves represent the correlations between $ {w}' $ and $ T' $, between $ {{w}'}_{e} $ and $ T' $, and beween $ {w}' $ and $ {{w}'}_{e} $, respectively. A positive month means the time that $ {T}' $ lags $ {w}' $, $ {T}' $ lags $ {{w}'}_{e} $, and $ {{w}'}_{e} $ lags $ {w}' $. (c) and (d) are the same as (a) and (b), except for the NoTibet experiment. (e) and (f) are the same as (a) and (b), except for the NoRocky experiment

    图  11  (a)控制试验中海表风应力对Niño-3区海温异常的敏感性(${\;\mu }_{a}$,单位:10−3 N m−2 °C−1);(b)无青藏高原试验与控制试验$ {\;\mu }_{a} $的差异;(c)无落基山脉试验与控制试验$ {\;\mu }_{a} $的差异;(d)控制试验中温跃层深度上海水垂直速度异常对Niño-3区海表风应力异常的敏感性($ {\;\beta }_{w} $,单位:10−5 m s−1 N−1 m−2);(e)无青藏高原与控制试验$ {\;\beta }_{w} $的差异;(f)无落基山脉与控制试验$ {\;\beta }_{w} $的差异

    Figure  11.  Spatial patterns of regression coefficients between the surface wind stress anomalies and the Niño-3 SSTA ($ {\;\mu }_{a} $, units: 10–3 N m−2 °C−1) in (a) CTRL, (b) $ {\;\mu }_{a} $difference between the NoTibet and CTRL experiments, and (c) $ {\;\mu }_{a} $difference between the NoRocky and CTRL experiments. (d–f) the same as (a–c), except for the regression coefficient between the anomalous upwelling velocity averaged at the thermocline depth and the surface wind stress anomalies averaged over the Niño-3 region ($ {\;\beta }_{w}, $units: 10–5 m s−1 N−1 m−2)

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-06-28
  • 录用日期:  2022-03-15
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-03-17
  • 刊出日期:  2022-09-22

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