华北中部夏季气溶胶垂直分布及其与云凝结核和云滴转化关系的飞机观测研究

李义宇; 郭学良; 金莲姬; 李培仁; 孙鸿娉; 赵德龙; 马新成

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2104.20255

华北中部夏季气溶胶垂直分布及其与云凝结核和云滴转化关系的飞机观测研究

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2104.20255

1.
山西省人工增雨防雷技术中心, 太原 030002
2.
中国科学院大气物理研究所, 北京 100029
3.
南京信息工程大学中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室, 南京 210044
4.
北京市人工影响天气办公室, 北京 100089

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2019YFC1510301，国家自然科学基金项目41575133

详细信息

作者简介:
李义宇，男，1986年出生，硕士研究生，主要从事云物理降水研究。E-mail: 294554707@qq.com

通讯作者:
郭学良，E-mail: guoxl@mail.iap.ac.cn

中图分类号: P412.24
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-12-30
- 录用日期: 2021-09-01
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-08
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-19

Aircraft Measurements of Summer Vertical Distributions of Aerosols and Transitions to Cloud Condensation Nuclei and Cloud Droplets in Central Northern China

1.
Shanxi Weather Modification Center, Taiyuan 030002
2.
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
3.
Key Laboratory for Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044
4.
Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089

Funds: National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant 2019YFC1510301), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41575133)

摘要

摘要: 气溶胶的时空分布及其核化成云的转化过程是云降水物理研究的重点，也是气候变化中气溶胶间接效应关注的热点问题。利用2013～2014年期间在华北中部山西地区开展的9架次夏季晴天和积云天气情况下的气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）及云滴数浓度观测资料，分析研究了气溶胶的垂直分布、谱分布、来源特征及其与云凝结核、云滴数浓度的转化关系。研究结果表明，大气边界层逆温层结对气溶胶、CCN垂直分布有重要影响，不同天气条件下气溶胶谱型在低层差异较大而高层基本一致；垂直方向上CCN数浓度与气溶胶数浓度有较好的相关性，过饱和度0.3%条件下CCN比率（云凝结核/凝结核）与气溶胶有效直径呈线性关系；积云云下气溶胶与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.3x−616.3，拟合相关系数为0.96，气溶胶转化为云滴的比率可达到47%。在过饱和度0.3%条件下，云下CCN与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.6x−473.8，拟合相关系数也为0.96，CCN转化为云滴的比率可达到69%。
- 气溶胶 /
- 云凝结核(CCN) /
- 云滴数浓度 /
- 飞机观测 /
- 华北中部
Abstract: Aerosols greatly influence the cloud’s microphysical properties and climate change by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Properties of vertical distribution, size distribution, and source regions of aerosols, as well as their transition relationships with the CCN and cloud droplet number concentration, are investigated using nine flights of aircraft measurements under clear and cloudy conditions in Shanxi, central northern China. Results indicate that the atmospheric boundary inversion layer structure has an important impact on the vertical distributions of aerosols and CCN. Size distributions under different weather conditions are similar in the upper atmospheric layers but quite different in the lower layers. There is a high positive linear correlation between the aerosol number concentrations and CCN number concentrations at 0.3% supersaturation in the vertical. A linear regression of y=1.3x−616.3 is established between the cloud droplet number concentrations and aerosol number concentrations near cumulus cloud bases with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Moreover, the conversion rate from aerosol number concentrations to cloud droplet number concentrations was about 47%. A good linear regression of y=1.6x−473.8 is also found between the CCN number concentrations and cloud droplet number concentrations near cumulus cloud bases with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 at 0.3% supersaturation. The conversion rate is found to be about 69%.
- Aerosol /
- Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) /
- Cloud droplet number concentration /
- Aircraft measurements /
- Central Northern China

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图 1 2013～2014年间在华北飞行区域示意图（矩形区域为飞行区域）

Figure 1. Experimental area for aircraft measurements in northern China from 2013 to 2014. The rectangular area denotes the aircraft flight region

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图 2 2013年8月3日（绿色）、4日（红色）和12日（蓝色）边界层逆温条件下气溶胶（a）数浓度N_a（单位：cm⁻³）与（b）有效直径ED（单位：μm）的垂直分布及（c）温度、湿度廓线（实线为温度，虚线为相对湿度）

Figure 2. Vertical distributions of (a) number concentration (N_a, units: cm⁻³), (b) effective diameter (ED, units: μm), and (c) profiles of temperature (solid lines) and relative humidity (dashed lines) with atmospheric inversion condition on 3 (green), 4 (red), and 12 (blue) August 2013

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图 3 2013年8月30日（青色）、2014年8月11日（蓝色）和12日（粉色）边界层无逆温条件下（a）N_a 与（b）ED的垂直分布及（c）温度、湿度廓线

Figure 3. Vertical distributions of (a) number concentration (N_a, units: cm⁻³), (b) effective diameter (ED, units: μm), and (c) profiles of temperature (solid lines) and relative humidity (dashed lines) without atmospheric inversion condition on 30 August 2013 (cyan), 11 August 2014 (blue), and 12 August 2014 (pink)

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图 4 （a）有边界层逆温和（b）无边界层逆温情况下CCN数浓度（过饱和度为0.3%）垂直分布

Figure 4. Averaged vertical distributions of the CCN number concentration at 0.3% supersaturation (a) with atmospheric inversion condition and (b) without atmospheric inversion condition

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图 5 2013年8月（a）3日、（b）4日、（c）12日、（d）30日以及2014年8月（e）11日、（f）12日观测期间太原不同高度72小时后向轨迹红、蓝、绿、青色实线分别代表500 m、1200 m、2200 m、2700 m高度的后向轨迹。

Figure 5. Backward trajectories of air masses in Taiyuan station on (a) 3 August, (b) 4 August, (c) 12 August, (d) 30 August 2013, (e) 11 August 2014 and (f) 12 August 2014 The red, blue, green, and cyan solid lines represent the backward trajectories at 500 m, 1200 m, 2200 m, and 2700 m height, respectively.

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图 6 2013年7月31日、8月3日、8月4日不同高度气溶胶粒子谱分布：（a）1200 m；（b）1500 m；（c）1800 m；（d）2500 m；（e）3100 m；（f）3700 m。图中N和D分别表示粒子的数浓度和直径

Figure 6. Aerosol particle size distributions at (a) 1200 m, (b) 1500 m, (c) 1800 m, (d) 2500 m, (e) 3100 m, and (f) 3700 m on July 31, August 3, August 4, 2013. N, D represent number concentration and diameter of particle, respectively.

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图 7 不同高度平均气溶胶谱分布

Figure 7. Averaged aerosol particle size distributions at different heights

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Figure 8. Linear regressions between the CCN number concentration and N_a in flights of (a) 3 August, 2013, (b) 4 August, 2013, (c) 12 August, 2013 (d) 30 August, 2013 and (e) 12 August, 2014

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图 9 2013年8月3日飞行探测过程中CCN占CN的比例(CCN/CN)与ED的关系

Figure 9. Relationship between the CCN to CN ratio (CCN/CN) and ED during the flight on 3 August 2013

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图 10 2013年8月3日飞行探测过程（a）1500m以下以及（b）3000～4000 m高度CCN/CN与ED的关系

Figure 10. Relationships between the CCN/CN and ED at different heights during the flight on 3 August 2013: (a) 0–1500 m, (b) 3000–4000 m

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图 11 云外及云下CCN活化谱

Figure 11. CCN spectra were observed below cloud bases and the environment.

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图 12 云底之下200 m高度层N_a与云底之上100 m高度层云滴数浓度N_c的关系

Figure 12. Relationship between N_a and N_c (cloud droplet number concentration) near the cumulus cloud base

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图 13 过饱和度0.3%条件下云底之下200 m高度层CCN数浓度与云底之上100 m高度层N_c的关系

Figure 13. Relationship between the CCN number concentration (0.3% supersaturation) and N_c near the cumulus cloud base

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表 1 不同高度气溶胶数浓度N_a统计特征

Table 1. Statistical summary of number concentration (N_a) at different heights in each flight

边界层状况	日期	N_a/cm⁻³
		地面至1500 m		1500～3000 m		3000 m以上
		平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值
逆温	2013年8月3日	2926	4257	647	972	331	538
	2013年8月4日	3099	4416	603	1324	558	947
	2013年8月12日	3542	5541	1173	2663	930	1626
	逆温三日平均	3189	4738	807	1653	606	1037
无逆温	2013年8月30日	689	785	690	1271	142	490
	2014年8月11日	1522	1725	512	1110	544	761
	2014年8月12日	2318	3158	1431	2026	705	1116
	无逆温三日平均	1509	1889	877	1469	463	789

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表 2 不同高度气溶胶有效直径（ED）统计特征

Table 2. Statistical summary of effective diameter (ED) at different heights in each flight

边界层状况	日期	ED/μm
		地面至1500 m		1500～3000 m		3000 m以上
		平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值
逆温	2013年8月3日	0.4	0.45	0.43	0.76	0.69	0.86
	2013年8月4日	0.39	0.46	0.44	0.74	0.45	0.88
	2013年8月12日	0.3	0.35	0.38	0.62	0.45	0.93
	逆温三日平均	0.36	0.42	0.42	0.71	0.53	0.89
无逆温	2013年8月30日	0.43	0.53	0.34	0.5	0.29	0.46
	2014年8月11日	0.57	0.71	0.4	0.68	0.35	0.47
	2014年8月12日	0.35	0.45	0.3	0.35	0.31	0.39
	无逆温三日平均	0.39	0.46	0.44	0.74	0.45	0.88

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表 3 不同高度CCN数浓度（N_CCN；过饱和度为0.3%）统计特征

Table 3. Statistical summary of the CCN number concentration (N_CCN)at 0.3% supersaturation at different heights in each case

边界层状况	日期	N_CCN /cm⁻³
		地面至1500 m		1500～3000 m		3000 m以上
		平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值	平均值	最大值
逆温	2013年8月3日	1682	2161	425	537	387	467
	2013年8月4日	2046	2771	390	699	368	400
	2013年8月12日	2249	3038	1015	2121	670	819
	逆温三日平均	1992	2656	610	1119	475	562
无逆温	2013年8月30日	515	722	403	573	124	383
	2014年8月12日	1866	2931	1000	1198	596	789
	无逆温两日平均	1190	1826	701	885	360	586

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表 4 垂直探测过程中不同日期气溶胶数浓度与CCN数浓度的决定系数及气溶胶有效直径的统计特征

Table 4. Statistical properties for the correlation coefficient values between the CCN number concentration, N_a, and ED

日期	决定系数R²	平均有效直径/μm
2013年8月3日	0.91	0.51
2013年8月4日	0.96	0.45
2013年8月12日	0.8	0.37
2013年8月30日	0.82	0.35
2014年8月12日	0.89	0.32

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表 5 CCN活化谱拟合参数值

Table 5. Parameters of CCN Spectrum

日期	位置	拟合参数		R²	类型
日期	位置	C	K	R²	类型
2014年7月15日	空中云外	1970	2.1	0.99	过渡型
2014年7月19日	空中云底之下200 m	679	0.61	0.84	清洁大陆型
2008年10月17日	地面	20393	0.86		大陆型

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