Abstract: This review summarizes the research progresses on tropical synoptic systems and mesoscale convective processes during the warm season (May–October) over the South China Sea in recent decades. The basic characteristics of tropical atmospheric circulation and summer monsoon related to mesoscale convective processes are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the activity regularities, structural features, and formation mechanisms of mesoscale convective systems are emphatically summarized. Opportunities and challenges involving mesoscale convective processes currently occurring over the South China Sea are identified, and future research directions in this field are highlighted.