月内尺度上与冬季北太平洋大范围海温暖异常相联系的海气相互作用特征

陈宏莉; 徐海明; 马静; 邓洁淳

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2106.21047

月内尺度上与冬季北太平洋大范围海温暖异常相联系的海气相互作用特征

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2106.21047

陈宏莉^{1, 2,},
徐海明^{1, 2, ,},
马静^{1, 2},
邓洁淳^{1, 2}

1.
南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气候与环境变化国际合作联合实验室，南京 210044
2.
南京信息工程大学大气科学学院，南京 210044

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41975106，江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目KYCX21_0966

详细信息

作者简介:
陈宏莉，女，1997年出生，硕士研究生，主要从事海气相互作用研究。E-mail: chenhl1120@163.com

通讯作者:
徐海明，E-mail: hxu@nuist.edu.cn

中图分类号: P466
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-22
- 录用日期: 2021-06-21
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-19
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-16

Characteristics of Air–Sea Interaction Associated with Large-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Warm Anomalies over the North Pacific in Winter on Submonthly Timescales

Hongli CHEN^{1, 2
,},
Haiming XU^{1, 2
, ,},
Jing MA^{1, 2},
Jiechun DENG^{1, 2}

1.
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CICFEMD) / Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME) / Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
2.
College of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41975106), Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant KYCX21_0966)

摘要

摘要: 本文采用1985～2015年美国气象环境预报中心及能源部（NCEP/DOE）再分析以及美国国家海洋大气管理局（NOAA）海温（SST）等资料，基于大范围SST异常的确定规则，在北太平洋区域选取了8个暖事件，采用跟随SST异常中心的动态合成方法，研究分析了冬季北太平洋生命史为50天左右的大范围SST暖异常在其盛期前后的月内尺度海气结构特征。结果表明：（1）大范围SST暖异常前期主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用，后期则主要表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。（2）SST暖异常伴随的大气结构在前后期发生了明显的转变，前期SST暖异常上空伴随着相当正压的偶极型气压异常（即东北侧为异常高压而西南侧为异常低压），对应大气偏东风异常。后期SST暖异常区北侧上空伴随着相当正压的低压异常，南侧为弱高压异常，对应大气偏西风异常。（3）在SST暖异常后期大气出现了气旋式环流异常响应，这主要是因为高频瞬变涡旋反馈强迫在起关键作用，且瞬变涡度的强迫作用是主要贡献因子。（4）海流结构在前后期也发生了明显的转变，前期海洋动力过程不利于维持SST暖异常，后期异常暖平流和异常下沉流均有助于维持SST暖异常及其对大气的影响。
- 月内尺度 /
- 北太平洋 /
- 大范围海温异常 /
- 海气相互作用
Abstract: Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy reanalysis 2 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during the 1985–2015 period, eight warm events in the North Pacific are selected based on the definition of large-scale SST anomalies. The dynamic composite method, following the SST anomaly center, is used to study the large-scale SST warm anomalies with a lifespan of 50 days over the wintertime North Pacific and associated characteristics of the air–sea interaction on submonthly timescales before and after their peak stages. The results show the following: (1) The early stage of the large-scale SST warm anomalies are mainly characterized by the forcing of the atmosphere on the ocean, whereas the late stage is dominated by the forcing of the ocean on the atmosphere. (2) The atmospheric structure associated with the SST warm anomalies changes significantly from the early to late stages. The early stage shows an equivalent barotropic dipole pattern of pressure anomalies above the warmer SSTs, with an anomalous high in the northeast and an anomalous low in the southwest, corresponding to the anomalous easterly wind over SST anomalies. At the late stage, an equivalent barotropic anomalous cyclone is located to the north of warmer SSTs, with a weak anomalous anticyclone to the south, corresponding to the anomalous westerly wind over SST anomalies. (3) The cyclonic circulation anomaly occurs at the late stage mainly due to the high-frequency transient eddy vorticity feedback forcing, which acts as the major contributing factor. (4) The structure of the ocean current is also different between the early and late stages. At the early stage, the ocean dynamic process is not conducive to maintaining the SST warm anomalies. At the late stage, both anomalous warm advection and anomalous downwelling act to maintain the SST warming and thus its influence on the atmosphere.
- Submonthly timescales /
- North Pacific /
- Large-scale SST anomalies /
- Air–sea interaction

HTML全文

图 1 1985~2015年各个生命史内大范围海表温度（SST）暖异常事件的个数

Figure 1. Number of large-scale sea surface temperature warm anomaly events (WAE) in each lifespan during the 1985–2015 period

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图 2 海表温度异常（SSTA，实线，单位：°C）、表面净热通量异常（短虚线，单位：W m⁻²）以及10 m全风速异常（长虚线，单位：m s⁻¹）的动态合成区域（以海温异常最大值为中心的20个经度乘以10个纬度的区域）平均值随时间（5个旬，大范围海温异常事件发展的盛期表示为“ten-day [0]”）的演变。其中海表净热通量为净感热通量、净潜热通量、净长波辐射通量以及净短波辐射通量的总和

Figure 2. Time evolution (namely, fifty days, and the peak stage of the large-scale sea surface temperature WAE is expressed as “ten-day [0]”) of composite sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA, solid line, units: °C), surface net heat flux anomalies (short dashed line, units: W m⁻²), and 10-m wind speed anomalies (long dashed line, units: m s⁻¹) in the area of 10° latitude by 20° longitude centered relative to each SST anomaly center. The net heat flux of the sea surface is the sum of sensible heat net flux, latent heat net flux, net longwave radiation flux, and net shortwave radiation flux.

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图 3 （a1–a3）净感热通量异常、（b1–b3）净潜热通量异常、（c1–c3）净短波辐射通量异常和（d1–d3）净长波辐射通量异常（阴影，单位：W/m²）在大范围海温暖异常（a1–d1）前期 (ten-day [−1])、（a2–d2）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（a3–d3）后期 (ten-day [+1])的合成分布。等值线为SST异常（间隔为0.5°C）

Figure 3. Composite anomalies of (a1–a3) sensible heat net flux, (b1–b3) latent heat net flux, (c1–c3) net shortwave radiation flux, and (d1–d3) net longwave radiation flux (colors, units: W m⁻²) at (a1–d1) the early stage (ten-day [−1]), (a2–d2) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (a3–d3) late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The contours denote SST anomalies (interval: 0.5°C)

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图 4 海水位温距平（等值线，单位：°C）在大范围SST异常区域（即以海温异常最大值为中心的20个经度乘以10个纬度的区域）的时间—深度剖面

Figure 4. Time–depth cross sections of composite seawater potential temperature anomalies (contours, units: °C) in the area of 10° latitude by 20° longitude centered relative to each sea surface temperature anomaly center.

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图 5 10 m深度的水平海流异常场（矢量，单位：cm s⁻¹）和海洋上层5～50 m深度平均的垂直速度异常场（阴影，单位：10⁻⁵cm s⁻¹）在大范围海温暖异常（a）前期 (ten-day [-2])、（b）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（c）后期 (ten-day [+2])的合成分布。等值线为SST异常（间隔为0.5°C）

Figure 5. Composite anomalies of the horizontal ocean current at 10-m depth (vectors, units: cm s⁻¹) and the vertical velocity averaged in the upper 5～50 m (colors, units: 10⁻⁵ cm s⁻¹) at (a) the early stage (ten-day [−2]), (b) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (c) late stage (ten-day [+2]) of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The contours denote SST anomalies (interval: 0.5°C)

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图 6 （a1–a3）200 hPa、（b1–b3）500 hPa、（c1–c3）850 hPa的位势高度异常（阴影，单位：gpm）和风场异常（矢量，单位：m s⁻¹）以及（d1–d3）海平面气压异常（阴影，单位：hPa；矢量为10 m风场异常场）在大范围海温暖异常（a1–d1）前期 (ten-day [−1])、（a2–d2）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（a3–d3）后期 (ten-day [+1])的合成分布。等值线为SST异常（间隔为0.5°C）

Figure 6. Composite anomalies of geopotential height (colors, units: gpm), wind (vectors, units: m s⁻¹) at (a1–a3) 200, (b1–b3) 500, and (c1–c3) 850 hPa, respectively, at (a1–d1) the early stage (ten-day [−1]), (a2–d2) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (a3–d3) late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Correspondingly, the composite sea level pressure (colors, units: hPa), 10-m wind (vectors, units: m s⁻¹) and SST anomalies (contours, interval: 0.5°C) are also shown in Figs. d1, d2, and d3

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图 7 大范围海温暖异常（a1–c1）前期 (ten-day [-1])、（a2–c2）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（a3–c3）后期 (ten-day [+1])的（a1–a3）风场异常（矢量，单位：10⁻² m s⁻¹）和气温异常（阴影，单位：°C）以及（b1–b3）位势高度异常（阴影，单位：gpm）沿SST异常中心经度的纬度—高度合成剖面；（c1–c3）SST异常（单位：°C）沿其中心所在经度的经向合成

Figure 7. Latitude–height cross sections of composite anomalies of (a1–a3) wind (vectors, units: 10⁻² Pa s⁻¹), air temperature (colors, units: °C), and (b1–b3) geopotential height (colors, units: gpm) along the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly center’s longitude at (a1–c1) the early stage (ten-day [−1]), (a2–c2) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (a3–c3) late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale SST anomalies. Correspondingly, the composite SST anomalies (units: °C) are showed in Figs. c1, c2, and c3

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图 8 700 hPa上大气斜压性指数异常（阴影，单位：K d⁻¹）在大范围SST暖异常发展（a）前期 (ten-day [−1])、（b）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（c）后期 (ten-day [+1]) 的合成分布。等值线为SST异常（间隔为0.5°C）

Figure 8. Composite anomalies of atmospheric baroclinicity index at 700 hPa (colors, units: K d⁻¹) at (a) the early stage (ten-day [−1]), (b) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (c) late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The contours denote SST anomalies (interval: 0.5 °C)

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图 9 （a1–a3）850 hPa上异常的热量经向通量$ \overline {v'T'} $（阴影，单位：m·K s⁻¹）和（b1–b3）300 hPa上异常的西风动量通量$ \overline {u'v'} $（阴影，单位：m² s⁻²）在大范围海温暖异常（a1，b1）前期 (ten-day [−1])、（a2，b2）盛期 (ten-day [0])、（a3，b3）后期 (ten-day [+1]) 的合成分布。等值线为SST异常（间隔为0.5°C）

Figure 9. Composite anomalies of (a1–a3) meridional heat flux $ \overline {v'T'} $ at 850 hPa (colors, units: m·K s⁻¹) and (b1–b3) westerly momentum flux $ \overline {u'v'} $ at 300 hPa (colors, units: m² s⁻²) at (a1, b1) the early stage (ten-day [−1]), (a2, b2) peak stage (ten-day [0]), and (a3, b3) late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The contours denote SST anomalies (interval: 0.5°C)

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图 10 大范围海温暖异常后期 (ten-day [+1])，高频瞬变涡旋的（a1–a3）热量通量（TEFF-heat）异常（等值线，单位：m d⁻¹）、（b1–b3）涡动通量（TEFF-vor）异常（等值线，单位：m d⁻¹）、（c1–c3）总通量（TEFF-all）异常（等值线，单位：m d⁻¹）在（a1–c1）300 hPa、（a2–c2）500 hPa和（a3–c3）850 hPa的合成分布

Figure 10. Composite anomalies of transient eddy feedback forcing (a1–a3) heat flux (TEFF-heat) (contours, units: m d⁻¹), (b1–b3) vorticity flux (TEFF-vor) (contours, units: m d⁻¹), and (c1–c3) total flux (TEFF-all) (contours, units: m d⁻¹) at (a1–c1) 300, (a2–c2) 500, and (a3–c3) 850 hPa, respectively, at the late stage (ten-day [+1]) of large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies

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图 11 冬季北太平洋地区大范围SST暖异常（a）前期大气影响海洋、（b）盛期、（c）后期海洋影响大气时的大气海洋结构特征示意图（海平面红色实心圆代表SST暖异常，“A”和“C”分别表示异常反气旋和异常气旋中心，直线箭头为盛行风向，波浪形箭头为异常海流方向）

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of atmospheric structure features associated with large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) warm anomalies over the North Pacific in winter for (a) atmospheric forcing on the ocean at the early stage, (b) peak stage, and (c) oceanic forcing on atmosphere–ocean at the late stage (the red solid circles at the sea surface indicate SST warm anomalies. “A” and “C” stand for anomalous anticyclone and anomalous cyclone centers, respectively. The straight and wavy arrows indicate the prevailing wind and anomalous ocean current directions, respectively)

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表 1 8个大范围海温暖异常事件的发生时间

Table 1. The occurrence time of eight large-scale sea surface temperature warm anomaly events

	暖异常个例时间
1994年	11月下旬～1月上旬
1998年	11月下旬～1月上旬
1999年	1月上旬～2月中旬
2001年	11月下旬～1月上旬
2007年	1月中旬～2月下旬
2008年	12月下旬～2月上旬
2010年	12月中旬～1月下旬
2012年	12月上旬～1月中旬

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