Snow Accumulation Efficiency Difference and Mechanism during the Two Snowstorm Events in Jiangsu Province in January 2018
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摘要: 2018年1月3～5日江苏省第一次暴雪过程中降雪量大、积雪效率偏低，而1月24～28日第二次暴雪过程降雪量小、积雪效率高。基于ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国气象局积雪、近地气温等观测资料，利用等熵大气质量环流理论从温度、水汽条件差异对2018年1月江苏省两次暴雪过程积雪效率差异进行了深入分析。研究表明：（1）第一次过程前期，深厚且强盛的向极地暖支将大量暖空气输送至江苏南部，导致该地区整层增温；第二次过程中，低层强大的向赤道冷支输送使地面温度在整个降雪期间均低于0°C，低温条件使得积雪效率偏高。（2）第一次过程，江苏地区深厚、强盛的水汽质量流入层配合大范围上升运动，将水汽携带至高层产生更大降雪量，低层经向水汽质量输送强，纬向水汽质量流出较弱，使得近地面比湿相应增加，积雪效率偏低；第二次过程，低层深厚的水汽质量流出层不利于水汽在江苏省汇聚，低湿条件利于积雪累积，贡献于偏高的积雪效率。因此，异常强的经向干冷空气质量输送和弱的经向和纬向水汽质量输送引起的低温、低湿环境条件是造成第二次暴雪过程比第一次过程积雪效率偏高的主要原因。积雪效率与温度和湿度空间分布型的对比分析还表明：在相对高温、高湿的环境条件下，积雪效率对局地温度和湿度的响应更为敏感。Abstract: The first snowstorm event in Jiangsu during 3–5 January 2018 had heavier snowfall but lower snow accumulation efficiency, whereas the second snowstorm event during 24–28 January had lighter snowfall but higher snow accumulation efficiency. This study investigated the temperature and humidity conditions in these two snowstorm events using the ERA-Interim reanalysis data and observation data from the China Meteorological Administration and explored the underlying physical processes in the framework of isentropic atmospheric mass circulation. The main findings are as follows: (1) Compared with the second snowstorm event, the early stage of the first snowstorm event was characterized by higher temperature in the entire troposphere, which was attributed to a relatively deeper and stronger poleward warm air branch of isentropic atmospheric mass circulation to the south of Jiangsu. In contrast, the stronger equatorward cold air branch of isentropic atmospheric mass circulation resulted in a temperature lower than 0°C in the second snowstorm event, promoting higher snow accumulation efficiency. (2) The deep water vapor mass inflow layer in lower isentropic layers collaborated with the wide range of ascending motions during the first snowstorm and further brought lower-level water vapor to higher layers for the formation of larger snowfall. Stronger meridional water vapor transport but weaker zonal water vapor net mass outflow in the lower isentropic layers increased near-ground specific humidity, contributing to the lower snow accumulation efficiency. However, there was a deep layer of water vapor mass outflow in the lower isentropic layers during the second snowstorm event, which contributed to the greater snow accumulation efficiency. Colder and dryer conditions resulting from the abnormal meridional cold air transport and weak water vapor transport in both meridional and zonal directions caused higher snow accumulation efficiency in the second snowstorm event. The comparison of the spatial distribution of temperature and humidity with snow accumulation efficiency further reveals that under high temperature and humidity conditions, snow accumulation efficiency is more sensitive to the local temperature and humidity changes.
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图 1 2018年1月3～5日（a–c）日降雪量（单位：mm）、（d–f）08时（北京时，下同）积雪深度（单位：cm）、（g–i）08时积雪增量（单位：cm）、（j–l）积雪效率（单位：cm mm−1）
Figure 1. (a–c) Daily snowfall (units: mm), (d–f) snow depth (units: cm) at 0800 BJT (Beijing time), (g–i) snow accumulation increment (units: cm) at 0800 BJT, and (j–l) snow accumulation efficiency (units: cm mm−1) on 3–5 January 2018
图 2 2018年1月24～28日（a–e）日降雪量（单位：mm）、（f–j）08时积雪深度（单位：cm）、（k–o）08时积雪增量（单位：cm）、（p–t）积雪效率（单位：cm mm−1）
Figure 2. (a–e) Daily snowfall (units: mm), (f–j) snow depth (units: cm) at 0800 BJT, (k–o) snow accumulation increment (unit: cm) at 0800 BJT, and (p–t) snow accumulation efficiency (units: cm mm−1) on 24–28 January 2018
图 3 （a）2018年1月1～7日和（b）2018年1月22～31日江苏地区区域平均的日平均温度（单位：°C）高度—时间演变
Figure 3. Height–time evolution of regional average daily mean temperature (units: °C) in Jiangsu on (a) 1–7 January 2018 and (b) 22–31 January 2018
图 4 （a–c）2018年1月3～5日和（d–h）2018年1月24～28日江苏区域70个基准观测站点（以下简称站点）日平均近地面气温（单位：°C）
Figure 4. Daily mean temperature (units: °C) of the 70 observation stations (referred to as stations in the following) near the ground in Jiangsu Province on (a–c) 3–5 January 2018 and (d–h) 24–28 January 2018
图 5 （a）2018年1月1～7日和（b）2018年1月22～31日江苏地区区域平均比湿（单位：g kg−1）高度—时间演变
Figure 5. Height–time evolution of regional average specific humidity (units: g kg−1) in Jiangsu on (a) 1–7 January 2018 and (b) 22–31 January 2018
图 6 （a–c）2018年1月3～5日和（d–h）2018年1月24～28日站点日平均比湿（单位：g kg−1）
Figure 6. Daily mean specific humidity (units: g kg−1) of the stations on (a–c) 3–5 January 2018 and (d–h) 24–28 January 2018
图 7 （a）2018年1月1～7日和（b）2018年1月22～31日江苏地区区域平均的等熵经向质量通量（等值线，单位：108 kg s−1）及其质量净流出量（阴影，单位：108 kg s−1）的高度—时间演变。红色实线表示由NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1再分析资料对流层顶温度和气压数据（https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.tropopause.html [2022-01-13]）计算所得的对流层顶位温（单位：K）
Figure 7. Height–time evolution of regional average isentropic meridional mass flux (contours, units: 108 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 108 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on (a) 1–7 January 2018, and (b) 22–31 January 2018. Red lines represent the potential temperature (units: K) at tropopause derived from the data on air temperature and pressure at tropopause level in the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) Reanalysis 1 dataset (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.tropopause.html [2022-01-13])
图 8 2018年1月2～5日江苏地区（a–d）纬向（116.25°E～121.5°E）积分的等熵经向质量通量（等值线，单位：108 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：108 kg s−1）的垂直—经向剖面，（e–h）经向（30°N～36°N）积分的等熵纬向质量通量（等值线，单位：108 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：108 kg s−1）的垂直—纬向剖面
Figure 8. (a–d) Vertical–meridional cross sections of the zonal (116.25°E–121.5°E) integration of meridional mass flux (contours, units: 108 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 108 kg s−1), (e–h) vertical–zonal cross sections of the meridional (30°N–36°N) integration of zonal mass flux (contours, units: 108 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 108 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on 2–5 January 2018
图 9 2018年1月24～29日江苏地区（a–f）纬向（116.25°E～121.5°E）积分的等熵经向质量通量（等值线，单位：108 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：108 kg s−1）的垂直—经向剖面，（g–l）经向（30°N～36°N）积分的等熵纬向质量通量（等值线，单位：108 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：108 kg s−1）的垂直—纬向剖面
Figure 9. (a–f) Vertical–meridional cross sections of the zonal (116.25°E–121.5°E) integration of meridional mass flux (contours, units: 108 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 108 kg s−1), (g–l) vertical–zonal cross sections of the meridional (30°N–36°N) integration of zonal mass flux (contours, units: 108 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 108 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on 24–29 January 2018
图 10 2018年1月（a–c）3～5日和（d–h）24～28日江苏地区低于280 K等熵层积分的经向质量通量（等值线，单位：103 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：103 kg s−1）
Figure 10. Isentropic layer integration of meridional mass flux (contours, units: 103 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 103 kg s−1) below 280 K in Jiangsu on (a–c) 3–5 January 2018 and (d–h) 24–28 January 2018
图 11 2018年1月（a）1～7日和（b）22～31日江苏地区区域平均垂直速度（单位：hPa s−1）的高度—时间演变
Figure 11. Height–time evolution of regional average vertical velocity (units: hPa s−1) in Jiangsu on (a) 1–7 January 2018 and (b) 22–31 January 2018
图 12 2018年1月（a）1～7日和（b）22～31日江苏地区区域平均等熵经向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：106 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：106 kg s−1）的高度—时间演变。红实线表示对流层顶位温（单位：K）
Figure 12. Height–time evolution of regional average isentropic meridional water vapor flux (contours, units: 106 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 106 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on (a) 1–7 January 2018 and (b) 22–31 January 2018. Red lines represent the potential temperature (units: K) at the tropopause
图 13 2018年1月2～5日江苏地区（a–d）纬向（116.25°E～121.5°E）积分的等熵经向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：106 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：106 kg s−1）的垂直—经向剖面，（e–h）经向（30°N～36°N）积分的等熵纬向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：106 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：106 kg s−1）的垂直—纬向剖面
Figure 13. (a–d) Vertical–meridional cross sections of the zonal (116.25°E–121.5°E) integration of meridional water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 106 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 106 kg s−1), (e–h) vertical–zonal cross sections of the meridional (30°N–36°N) integration of zonal water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 106 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 106 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on 2–5 January 2018
图 14 2018年1月24～29日江苏地区（a–f）纬向（116.25°E～121.5°E）积分的等熵经向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：106 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：106 kg s−1）的垂直—经向剖面，（g–l）经向（30°N～36°N）积分的等熵纬向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：106 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：106 kg s−1）的垂直—纬向剖面
Figure 14. (a–f) Vertical–meridional cross sections of the zonal (116.25°E–121.5°E) integration of meridional water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 106 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 106 kg s−1), (g–l) vertical–zonal cross sections of the meridional (30°N–36°N) integration of zonal water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 106 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 106 kg s−1) in Jiangsu on 24–29 January 2018
图 15 2018年1月（a–c）3～5日和（d–h）24～28日江苏地区低于280 K等熵层积分的经向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：10 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：10 kg s−1）
Figure 15. Isentropic layer integration of meridional water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 10 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 10 kg s−1) below 280 K in Jiangsu on (a–c) 3–5 January 2018 and (d–h) 24–28 January 2018
图 16 2018年1月（a–c）3～5日和（d–h）24～28日江苏地区低于280 K等熵层积分的纬向水汽质量通量（等值线，单位：10 kg s−1）及其质量净流出（阴影，单位：10 kg s−1）
Figure 16. Isentropic layer integration of zonal water vapor mass flux (contours, units: 10 kg s−1) and its net mass outflow (shadings, units: 10 kg s−1) below 280 K in Jiangsu on (a–c) 3–5 January 2018 and (d–h) 24–28 January 2018
表 1 第一次降雪过程、第二次降雪过程的逐日积雪效率和站点气温、站点比湿的空间相关系数
Table 1. Spatial correlation coefficient between daily snow accumulation efficiency and stations temperature, stations specific humidity in the first snowfall process and the second snowfall process
相关系数 第一次降雪过程 第二次降雪过程 1月3日 1月4日 1月5日 1月24日 1月25日 1月26日 1月27日 站点气温 −0.70* −0.15 0.74* −0.34* 0.40* −0.11 −0.43* 站点比湿 −0.46* −0.26 0.76* −0.33* 0.21 −0.00 −0.33* 注：*表示通过99%置信水平的显著性检验。 
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