Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Ice Nucleation Concentration and Nuclei Mechanism in Huangshan and Shenyang
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摘要: 本研究利用Bigg型混合云室及静力真空水汽扩散云室FRIDGE,结合其他气象要素观测设备,对黄山及沈阳为地域代表的各自三层不同高度大气冰核数浓度进行梯度对比观测,得出黄山及沈阳为地域代表各自三层不同高度大气冰核数浓度随高度、时间、活化温度、活化湿度、粒径大小等的变化规律,并对不同时空条件、不同核化条件、不同粒子条件下大气冰核的凝结冻结核化和凝华核化机制进行对比分析。对黄山及沈阳大气冰核的浓度分别拟合参数化公式,对黄山及沈阳不同区域的人工增减雨作业提供研究基础。Abstract: Herein, atmospheric ice nuclei gradient observation results from Huangshan and Shenyang were used as a representative. Using advanced international instruments for atmospheric ice nuclei observation and Bigg-type mixed and diffusion cloud chambers combined with meteorological element observation equipment, variation in the atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration with height, time, temperature, humidity, and particle size in Huangshan and Shenyang of China is analyzed. Two main mechanisms of atmospheric ice nuclei under different space locations, environmental conditions, and particle sizes are obtained. Finally, based on the above observations and research results, the parameter schemes of atmospheric ice nuclei in typical areas of northern and southern China are fitted with parameter formulas, and the attribute differences of atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration and nucleation mechanism in northern and southern China are finally obtained. Thus, it provides a theoretical basis for different artificial precipitation reduction operations in northern and southern China.
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Key words:
- Ice nuclei /
- Cloud chamber /
- Nucleation mechanism /
- Numerical concentration
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图 5 不同核化机制条件下黄山大气冰核数浓度及其标准偏差随高度的变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 5. Variation in atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration and its standard deviation with altitude under different nucleation mechanisms in Huangshan: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 6 不同核化机制条件下沈阳大气冰核数浓度及其标准偏差随高度的变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 6. Variation in atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration and its standard deviation with altitude under different nucleation mechanisms in Shenyang: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 7 黄山夏季不同高度、不同核化机制冰核数浓度日变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 7. Diurnal variation in ice nucleation number concentration under different heights and nucleation mechanisms in Huangshan in summer: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 8 沈阳夏季不同高度、不同核化机制冰核数浓度日变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 8. Diurnal variation in ice nucleation number concentration under different heights and nucleation mechanisms in Shenyang in summer: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 9 黄山山顶不同核化机制冰核数浓度随活化温度的变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 9. Variation in ice nucleation number concentration with activation temperature under different nucleation mechanisms at the top of the Huangshan Mountain: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 10 沈阳高层不同核化机制冰核数浓度随活化温度的变化:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 10. Variation in ice nucleation number concentration with activation temperature under different nucleation mechanisms at the top of Shenyang: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 13 黄山山顶大气冰核浓度与不同粒径范围气溶胶数浓度的相关性:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 13. Correlation between atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration and aerosol number concentration at different size ranges at the top of the Huangshan Mountain: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
图 14 沈阳高层大气冰核浓度与不同粒径范围气溶胶数浓度的相关性:(a)总核化机制;(b)凝结核化冰核机制;(c)凝华核化冰核机制
Figure 14. Correlation between atmospheric ice nuclei numerical concentration and aerosol number concentration at different size ranges at the top of Shenyang: (a) Total nucleation mechanism; (b) condensation nucleation mechanism; (c) deposition nucleation mechanism
表 1 上午10:00黄山、沈阳不同高度大气冰核数浓度背景值
Table 1. Background values of atmospheric ice nuclei numerical concentration at 1000 BJT (Beijing time) at different altitudes in Huangshan and Shenyang
位置 活化温度/°C 活化湿度 冰核数浓度/L−1 所用云室 黄山山顶 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 16.42 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 0.731 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.154 扩散云室 黄山山腰 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 18.06 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 0.743 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.162 扩散云室 黄山山底 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 20.64 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 0.751 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.186 扩散云室 沈阳高层 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 25.16 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 0.882 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.246 扩散云室 沈阳中层 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 31.52 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 1.132 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.341 扩散云室 沈阳低层 −20 相对湿度达100%,时长10 min 47.66 混合云室 −20 5%水面过饱和,时长10 min 1.961 扩散云室 −20 5%冰面过饱和,时长10 min 0.484 扩散云室 表 2 不同地域冰核温度谱公式对比
Table 2. The comparison of ice nuclei-temperature spectra equations in different region
地点 文献 核化机制 温度谱公式 澳大利亚 Fletcher(1962) 凝结冻结、凝华 N=10−5×exp(−0.6×T) 中国北京 游来光和石安英(1964) 凝华、凝结冻结、接触冻结、浸润冻结 N=0.0025×exp(−0.389×T) 美国 Meyers et al (1992) 接触冻结 N=0.06×exp(−0.262×T) 中国玛曲 李娟和黄庚(2001) 凝华、凝结冻结、接触冻结、浸润冻结 N=0.0035×exp(−0.38×T) 中国北京 游来光等(2002) 凝华、凝结冻结、接触冻结、浸润冻结 N=0.034×exp(−0.395×T) 南极 Ardon et al(2011) 浸润冻结 N=3×10−7×exp(−0.66×T) 中国黄山 本文 凝华、凝结冻结、接触冻结、浸润冻结 N=0.0046×exp(−0.388×T) 中国黄山 本文 凝结冻结 N=0.00003×exp(−0.496×T) 中国黄山 本文 凝华 N=0.00002×exp(−0.489×T) 中国沈阳 本文 凝华、凝结冻结、接触冻结、浸润冻结 N=0.0072×exp(−0.542×T) 中国沈阳 本文 凝结冻结 N=0.00005×exp(−0.578×T) 中国沈阳 本文 凝华 N=0.00003×exp(−0.612×T) -
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