Effect of Atmospheric Heat Source on the Tibetan Plateau Vortex During Different Developmental Stages—A Case Study in July 2013
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摘要: 高原低涡是夏季青藏高原（简称高原）及其下游地区的主要降水系统。本文利用ERA5逐小时再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云顶亮温逐小时数据和TRMM 3 h降水资料，对2013年7月19 ～ 21日活动于高原的一次低涡过程进行了诊断分析。此低涡在高原期间的活动时间长达56 h，将其分为初生、发展及移出高原前三个阶段，着重分析了高原大气热源在低涡不同阶段的关键作用和机理。结果表明：此低涡在发展过程中表现为阶段性增强的特征，位势涡度倾向方程诊断发现非绝热加热的垂直梯度是造成低涡发展增强的主要因素，即非绝热加热极值所在高度的下方和上方分别有正的和负的位涡制造，从而加强了低层的气旋和高层的反气旋。进一步分析可知大气热源在低涡发展过程中也表现出阶段性增强的特征，最大值出现在正午时段，且在低涡移出高原前阶段最强。低涡的生成与地面暖中心有关，这归因于地表感热加热的作用；而低涡的后续发展则主要依赖于凝结潜热加热，加热高度位于对流层中层，这主要是由垂直运动将低层的水汽集中到中层，产生水汽凝结所致。Abstract: The Tibetan Plateau (TP) vortex (TPV) is the main precipitation system in summer over the TP and downstream regions. This study analyzes a TPV case from 19 to 21 July 2013, based on high-resolution ERA5 reanalysis, the temperature of black body (TBB) obtained from the Fengyun-2E (FY-2E) satellite, and precipitation amount from TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission). The TPV case keeps active on the TP for about 56 h, which can be divided into three stages: Initial, development, and moving-out. Further, the roles of atmospheric heat sources in TPV during different stages and the related mechanisms are investigated. The results show that the TPV intensity increases with fluctuations. Furthermore, by diagnosing the potential vorticity (PV) tendency equation, it was found that the vertical gradient of diabatic heating is the main factor causing TPV development, i.e., a positive (negative) PV is produced below (above) the height where the maximum center of diabatic heating is situated, strengthening the low-level cyclonic and high-level anticyclonic circulations. Further analyses indicate that the atmospheric heat source increased with fluctuations, with the maximum value appearing at noon and the strongest in the moving-out stage. Notably, the formation of TPV is related to the surface warming center driven by surface sensible heat, while its enhancement is mainly dependent on the latent heat of condensation. Furthermore, the main contributor to the latent heat is analyzed as a vertical transport of water vapor that promotes TPV development.
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图 1 2013年7月19日12时（北京时，下同）至22日18时基于ERA5再分析资料（绿色线，空心圆为逐小时的低涡位置，实心圆为08时、20时以及低涡生成、消亡的位置）和《青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴》（红色线，线上实心圆代表08时、20时低涡位置）低涡的移动路径。黑色粗实线表示3000 m地形等高线，下同
Figure 1. Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) track based on ERA5 reanalysis data [green line, hollow dots represent hourly TPV positions, solid dots represent TPV positions at 0800 BJT (Beijing time), 2000 BJT, TPV formation and disappearance] and the “Tibetan Plateau Vortex and Shear Line Yearbook” (red line, the solid dots represent the TPV positions at 0800 BJT and 2000 BJT) from 1200 BJT 19 July to 1800 BJT 22 July 2013. The black bold line represents the 3000-m contour of terrain, the same below
图 2 2013年7月（a）19日12时、（b）19日20时、（c）20日08时、（d）20日20时、（e）21日08时、（f）21日20时500 hPa风场（矢量，单位：m s−1）及云顶亮温（TBB，阴影，单位：°C）分布。“C”表示低涡位置，下同
Figure 2. Distributions of wind field (vectors, units: m s−1) and black-body temperature (TBB, shadings, units: °C) at 500 hPa at (a) 1200 BJT on 19 July, (b) 2000 BJT on 19 July, (c) 0800 BJT on 20 July ,(d) 2000 BJT on 20 July, (e) 0800 BJT on 21 July, and (f) 2000 BJT on 21 July 2013. “C” represents the TPV center, the same below
图 3 2013年7月19日08时至22日00时沿低涡中心（a）相对涡度（彩色阴影，单位：10−5 s−1）及垂直速度（等值线，单位：Pa s−1）的高度—时间剖面，（b）低涡中心周围2°×2°面积平均的500 hPa相对涡度（曲线，单位：10−5 s−1）和低涡中心以南2°×2°面积平均的降水（柱状，单位：mm h−1）时间序列。黑色阴影表示地形，下同
Figure 3. (a) Height–time section of relative vorticity (color shadings, units: 10−5 s−1) and vertical velocity (contours, units: 10−1 Pa s−1) along the TPV center, (b) time series of the 500-hPa relative vorticity (lines, units: 10−5 s−1) averaged over the 2°×2° grid surrounding the TPV center and precipitation (bars, units: mm h−1) averaged over the 2°×2° grid in the south of the TPV center from 0800 BJT 19 July to 0000 BJT on 22 July 2013. The black shadings represent terrain, the same below
图 4 2013年7月（a、d）19日12时高原低涡初生阶段、（b、e）20日20时发展阶段和（c、f）21日20时移出高原前阶段（a–c）500 hPa位涡变化及（d–f）非绝热加热的垂直梯度引起的位涡变化的空间分布（单位：10−5 PVU s−1, 1 PVU=10−6 K m2 s−1 kg−1）
Figure 4. Distributions (units: 10−5 PVU s−1, 1 PVU=10−6 K m2 s−1 kg−1) of the (a–c) 500-hPa potential vorticity (PV) change and (d–f) PV change caused by the vertical gradient of diabatic heating in the (a, d) initial (1200 BJT 19 July), (b, e) development (2000 BJT 20 July), and (c, f) moving-out stages (2000 BJT 21 July) of the TPV in 2013
图 5 2013年7月（a、d）19日12时高原低涡初生阶段、（b、e）20日20时发展阶段和（c、f）21日20时移出高原前阶段沿低涡中心的（a–c）非绝热加热Q（单位：10−4 K s−1）、（d–f）PV1（单位：10−5 PVU s−1）的纬向—垂直剖面。黑色三角形表示低涡中心位置
Figure 5. Zonal–vertical cross sections of (a–c) diabatic heating (Q, units: 10−4 K s−1) and (d–f) redistribution of PV induced by the vertical uneven distribution of diabatic heating (PV1, units: 10−5 PVU s−1) along the TPV center in the (a, d) initial (1200 BJT 19 July), (b, e) development (2000 BJT 20 July), and (c, f) moving-out stages (2000 BJT 21 July) of the TPV in 2013. The black triangle represents the position of the TPV center
图 6 2013年7月19日08时至22日00时低涡中心（a）大气视热源Q1、视水汽汇Q2及其（b）垂直输送项、（c）局地变化项、（d）水平输送项的时间—高度剖面。阴影为Q1及各组成项，等值线为Q2及各组成项，单位：10−1 m2 s−3
Figure 6. Time–height section of (a) atmospheric apparent heat source (Q1, shadings, units: 10−1 m2 s−3), apparent moisture sink (Q2, contours, units: 10−1 m2 s−3), and the corresponding (b) vertical transport term, (c) local variation term, (d) horizontal transport term at the TPV center from 0800 BJT 19 July to 0000 BJT 22 July 2013
图 7 2013年7月19日08时至22日00时低涡中心的温度（彩色阴影，单位：°C）及位势高度（等值线，单位：gpm）纬向偏差的时间—高度剖面
Figure 7. Time–height section of zonal deviation of temperature (color shadings, units: °C) and geopotential height (contours, units: gpm) in the TPV center from 0800 BJT 19 July to 0000 BJT 22 July 2013
图 8 2013年7月（a、b）低涡初生阶段（19日12时）、（c、d）发展阶段（20日20时）和（e、f）移出高原前阶段（21日20时）大气视热源Q1的整层积分（左）、视水汽汇Q2的整层积分（右）的水平分布（单位：W m−2）
Figure 8. Horizonal distributions (units: W m−2) of the whole layer integral atmospheric apparent heat source (left) and apparent moisture sink (right) in (a, d) the initial (1200 BJT 19 July), (b, e) development (2000 BJT 20 July), and (c, f) moving-out stages (2000 BJT 21 July) in 2013
图 9 2013年7月19日08时至22日00时低涡中心周围2°×2°区域平均地表感热通量（黑色点线，单位：W m−2）及地表潜热通量（蓝色点线，单位：W m−2）的时间序列
Figure 9. Time series of surface sensible heat flux (black dot line, units: W m−2) and latent heat flux (blue dot line, units: W m−2) averaged over the 2°×2° grid surrounding the TPV center from 0800 BJT 19 July to 0000 BJT 22 July 2013
表 1 2013年7月19日至21日高原低涡不同阶段低涡中心特征量
Table 1. Characteristics quantities of TPV at different stages from 19 to 21 July 2013
高原低涡阶段 代表时次 位置 500 hPa TBB/°C 半径/km 位势高度/gpm 相对涡度/10−5 s−1 垂直速度/Pa s−1 初生阶段 19日12时 （31°N，84°E） 5709 0.2 0.1 1 270 发展阶段 20日20时 （32°N，91°E） 5698 9.4 −0.3 −28 546 移出高原前阶段 21日20时 （35°N，105°E） 5685 4.9 −0.4 −31 163 
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表 2 2013年7月19日至21日不同阶段的高原低涡中心整层积分的大气视热源
$ \left\langle {{Q_1}} \right\rangle {\text{ }} $ 、视水汽汇$ \left\langle {{Q_2}} \right\rangle $ 的强度及其分量的占比Table 2 Intensity (units: W m−2) of the whole layer integral atmospheric apparent heat source$ \left\langle {{Q_1}} \right\rangle {\text{ }} $ , apparent moisture sink$ \left\langle {{Q_2}} \right\rangle $ and proportion of its components at different stages of the TPV center from 19 to 21 July 2013$ \left\langle {{Q_1}} \right\rangle {\text{ }} $/W m−2 $ \left\langle {{Q_2}} \right\rangle $/W m−2 (S+LE)/$ \left\langle {{Q_1}} \right\rangle {\text{ }} $ $ \left\langle {{Q_2}} \right\rangle $/$ \left\langle {{Q_1}} \right\rangle {\text{ }} $ 初生阶段 458 169 54% 37% 发展阶段 857 667 20% 78% 移出高原前阶段 1040 864 19% 83%
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