Abstract: This study leverages the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) dust data spanning from 1980 to 2021, together with the fifth-generation ECMWF (ERA5) atmospheric reanalysis data, to systematically analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of spring dust in China and the underlying physical mechanisms driving these patterns. Results show that spring dust activities in Northwest China are the primary drivers of long-term changes observed across the country. These activities exhibit significant periodicities of 2–4 years and beyond 8 years, reflecting clear interannual and interdecadal fluctuations. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was employed to identify the dominant patterns of spring dust variability in China. The first EOF mode (EOF1) mainly exhibited interannual variations in spring dust, especially in Northwestern China. The positive phase of EOF1 exhibited significantly increased spring dust anomalies in Northwestern China. By contrast, EOF2 captured pronounced interdecadal variations, displaying an east–west dipole pattern, negative dust anomalies in Northwest China, and positive anomalies in other areas during its positive phase. Notably, an interdecadal phase transition of EOF2 from negative to positive was observed around the late 1990s. Further analysis revealed a strong association between variations in spring dust activities and meteorological conditions. When spring dust levels exceed normal, they are typically driven by strong winds. In addition, high surface temperatures and a lack of precipitation facilitate soil thawing and suppress sand and dust deposition, ultimately leading to increased dust events. Furthermore, La Niña-like sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific can affect atmospheric circulation patterns, subsequently influencing dust activities in China. These anomalies, persisting from the previous winter to the following spring, offer potential predictive insights for spring dust activities in China.