Abstract: To cope with the severe situation of climate change, China has put forward ambitious goals of “peak carbon emissions” and “carbon neutrality”. To promote the development of the Belt and Road Initiative in a green and sustainable direction, it is essential to promote climate change research and technological cooperation among participating countries. This study starts from the current status and issues of climate change response in the participating countries of the Belt and Road Initiative and analyzes the practical needs of these countries in addressing climate change. It believes that conducting science and technology cooperation in addressing climate change will contribute to the common goal of achieving “carbon neutrality”. This article proposes two principles for China to conduct relevant cooperation: actively leading and participating in global climate governance goals and actions; adopting different approaches based on different developmental situations of the Belt and Road Initiative participating countries. Furthermore, this article proposes a set of science and technology cooperation program for low-carbon transformation to provide decision support for the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative.