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三江源地区春季流量与积雪的年际变化关系

Interannual Variation of Spring Streamflow and Its Relationship with Snowpack in the Three-River Headwater Region, China

  • 摘要: 基于三江源区站点流量资料、中国区域格点降水气温资料及遥感积雪资料,分析了长江、黄河和澜沧江源区春季流量的年际变化及其与降水、积雪、气温的关系。结果表明,1980~2020年三江源地区春季流量年际变化显著,其中5月流量的年际变率最大;三江源地区春季流量受春季雪深影响最大,其中4月、5月流量受雪深、积雪覆盖率、前期累积降水的影响显著,且流量与雪深的正相关性最强,5月流量与雪深相关系数可达0.7以上。进一步分析表明,高原积雪对流量的影响随源区不同流域、春季不同月份呈现一定的差异,其中黄河源区4月、5月流量受4月雪深影响最明显,澜沧江源区4月、5月流量与2~5月的雪深均存在较好关系,而长江源区5月流量则主要与4~5月雪深显著正相关。源区积雪对春季流量的影响也存在一定的海拔依赖性,其中低海拔区域积雪对流量的影响更多体现在春季前期,而黄河源区阿尼玛卿山、长江源区巴颜喀拉山脉及唐古拉山脉等高海拔区域的积雪对流量的影响可以持续到5月。气温作为春季融雪径流的关键因子,主要是通过影响源区前期积雪量、融雪产流过程,进而影响春季流量的异常。本研究结果在深入认识青藏高原气候变化对三江源地区春季流量的影响及过程等方面具有重要意义。

     

    Abstract: Based on streamflow data from station observations, CN05 gridded precipitation and temperature data over China, and remote sensing snow data, the interannual variations of spring streamflow and its relationships with precipitation, snowpack, and temperature in the Three-River Headwater region were investigated. Results show that spring streamflow exhibits high interannual variability from 1980 to 2020, with the largest interannual variability in May. Correlation analysis indicates that spring streamflow is significantly correlated with spring snowpack. The streamflow in April and May is significantly correlated with snow depth, snow cover fraction, and previous accumulated precipitation. Among these, snow depth shows the strongest correlation, with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.7. Further analysis shows that the influence of snowmelt on streamflow varies between different basins and spring months, depending on snow depth conditions and maximum temperature. In the Yellow River headwater area, the April and May streamflow is most influenced by snow depth in April. In the Yangtze River headwater area, May streamflow is mostly influenced by snow depth in April and May. Similarly, in the Lancang River headwater area, streamflow in April and May is influenced by the snow depth from February to May. The impact of snow depth on streamflow relies on altitude. At lower altitudes, the influence occurs in early spring. In mountainous regions, such as the Aemye Ma-chhen Range, BaYanKaLa Mountains, and Tanggula Mountains, the influence can last until May. Moreover, air temperature plays a crucial role in influencing spring snowmelt by influencing snow accumulation and melting processes. The results of this study will help understand how climate change affects spring streamflow in the Three-River Headwater region.

     

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