西南地区主要水循环过程的数值模拟分析

王丽琼; 于坤; 左瑞亭; 罗霞; 彭道睿

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2013.13086

西南地区主要水循环过程的数值模拟分析

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2013.13086

1.
解放军理工大学气象海洋学院, 南京 211101
2.
解放军94592部队气象台, 徐州 221000

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划项目2013CB956203

计量
- 文章访问数: 2106
- HTML全文浏览量: 15
- PDF下载量: 2186
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-05-15
- 修回日期: 2013-11-11

Numerical Simulation Analysis on the Primary Water Cycle Process in Southwest China

1.
Institute of Meteorology and oceanography, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101
2.
Meteorological Observatory of NO.94592 Unit of PLA, Xuzhou 221000

摘要

摘要: 利用NCAR的公用陆面模式CLM4.0（Community Land Model 4.0），以1961～2010年普林斯顿大学的大气驱动场资料作为大气强迫场，对西南地区陆面过程变化进行了非耦合模拟试验。分析结果表明：西南地区降水呈现明显的干湿季节特征，季风期降水量分布为东北—西南走向，以印度缅甸一带向东北方向递减；非季风期近似呈东西梯度，以两湖地区为中心向西递减。全年而言，西南地区约有16.7%的降水首先被冠层截留，到达地面后约有60.5%以渗透的形式进入土壤，另有约17.1%形成地表径流，还有少部分降水以直接蒸发的形式加湿低层大气。各水循环因子分布与降水分布密切相关，其中冠层截留、地表径流、冠层蒸发的季风期与非季风期特征差异不大，而地下排水和地表蒸发在非季风期均明显高于非季风期，渗透过程则相反。非季风期西南地区水循环的蒸发高、渗透小、地下排水量显著，这三个过程的共同作用，造成西南地区冬春季陆面水份显著流失，是引发西南春旱的可能原因之一。
- CLM /
- 西南地区 /
- 水循环过程 /
- 陆面过程
Abstract: Using Princeton University's 1961 to 2010 atmospheric external forcing data and NCAR's CLM4.0 (Community Land Model 4.0), an off-line simulation was conducted of the land surface process in Southwest China. Results show that there are sharp distinctions between the precipitation characteristics in Southwest China's wet and dry seasons. During the monsoon season, total precipitation decreases northeastward from Burma and India, while it decreases westward from the Hubei and Hunan provinces in the non-monsoon season. With respect to the annual mean, only about 16.7% of the precipitation in the Southwest China is directly intercepted by the canopy, and of the remaining proportion reaching the ground, about 60.5% infiltrates the soil, approximately 17.1% flows out in runoff, and a small amount evaporats re-enter into the atmosphere. The distributions of the primary hydrological processes are similar to that of precipitation. Canopy interception, surface runoff, and canopy evaporation rarely varies during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. However, underground drainage and surface evaporation are both significantly greater in the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, while infiltration shows just the opposite. In the non-monsoon season, smaller levels of infiltration, higher evaporation rates, and higher underground drainage together result in significant loss of land water in Southwest China, and may play an important role in causing the region's spring drought.
- CLM /
- Southwest China /
- Water cycle process /
- Land surface process

HTML全文

参考文献(40)

[1]	Bonan G B. 1996. A land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological and atmospheric studies: Technical description and user's Guide. NCARTcclmicalNotcTN-417+STR, Boulder (Colorado): NCAR, 150.
[2]	Brubaker K L, Dirmeyer P A, Sudradjat A, et al. 2001. A 36-yr climatological description of the evaporative sources of warm-season precipitation in the Mississippi River basin [J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2 (6): 537-557.
[3]	陈丽华, 余新晓. 1995. 晋西黄土地区水土保持林地土壤入渗性能的研究 [J]. 北京林业大学学报, 17 (1): 42-47. Chen Lihua, Yu Xinxiao. 1995. A study on the infiltration property of forests for soil and water conservation in west Shanxi province [J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (in Chinese), 17 (1): 42-47.
[4]	陈洪松, 邵明安, 王克林. 2005. 上方来水对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水份再分布的影响 [J]. 水科学进展, 16 (2): 233-237. Chen Hongsong, Shao Ming'an, Wang Kelin. 2005. Effect of runoff from upslope on rainfall infiltration and soil water redistribution at a planar slope [J]. Advance in Water Science (in Chinese), 16 (2): 233-237.
[5]	Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Dickinson R E, et al. 2003. The common land model [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84 (8):1013-1023.
[6]	Dai Y J, Zeng Q C. 1997. A land surface model (IAP94) for climate studies Part C: Formation and validation in off-line experiments [J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 14 (4): 433-460.
[7]	Dickinson R E, Henderson Sdlers A, Kennedy P J. 1993. Biosphere atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) version 1e as coupled to the NCAR community climate model. NCAR/TN-387+STIL, Bouldor (Colorado), 1993.72.
[8]	董谢琼, 段旭. 1998. 西南地区降水量的气候特征及变化趋势 [J]. 气象科学, 18 (3): 239-247. Dong Xieqiong, Duan Xu. 1998. Climatic characteristics and variation tendency of precipitation in the southwest region of China [J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 18 (3): 239-247.
[9]	高志强, 刘纪远. 2003. 基于陆面模式和遥感技术的地表温度比较 [J]. 地理学报, 58 (4): 494-502. Gao Zhiqiang, Liu Jiyuan. 2003. The comparison of land surface temperature with CLM and split window retrieving method [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 58 (4): 494-502.
[10]	郭芬芬, 南岭, 陈安强, 等. 2010. 干热河谷植被覆盖对雨季地表径流和土壤水份的影响 [J]. 安徽农业科学, 38 (16): 8554-8558. Guo Fenfen, Nan Ling, Chen Anqiang, et al. 2010. Influence of vegetative coverage on surface runoff and soil moisture in rainy season in dry-hot valley [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences (in Chinese), 38 (16): 8554-8558.
[11]	贺晋云, 张明军, 王鹏, 等. 2011. 近50年西南地区极端干旱气候变化特征 [J]. 地理学报, 66 (9): 1179-1190. He Jinyun, Zhang Mingjun, Wang Peng, et al. 2011. Climate characteristics of the extreme drought events in Southwest China during recent 50 years [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 66 (9): 1179-1190.
[12]	黄荣辉, 刘永, 王林, 等. 2012. 2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区严重干旱的成因分析 [J]. 大气科学, 36 (3): 443-457. Huang Ronghui, Liu Yong, Wang Lin, et al. 2012. Analyses of the causes of severe drought occurring in Southwest China from the fall of 2009 to the spring of 2010 [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 36 (3): 443-457.
[13]	黄伟, 郭振海, 宇如聪. 2004. CLM在淮河流域数值模拟试验[J]. 气象学报, 62 (6):766-773. Huang Wei, Guo Zhenhai, Yu Rucong. 2004. Numerical simulation of CLM over Huaihe basin [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 62 (6):766-773.
[14]	Koster R D, Suarez M J. 2001. Soil moisture memory in climate models[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2(6): 558-570.
[15]	Lawrence D M, Oleson K W, Flanner M G, et al. 2011. Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the community land model [J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 3 (3), doi: 10.1029/2011MS000045.
[16]	Levis S, Wiedinmyer C, Bonan G B, et al. 2003. Simulating biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the community climate system model [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D21), 4689, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003203.
[17]	Li J K, Islam S. 2002. Estimation of root zone soil moisture and surface fluxes partitioning using near surface soil moisture measurements [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 259 (1-4): 1-14.
[18]	李海波. 2012. 基于MODIS数据的济南市城市热岛时空演变及机制研究 [D]. 山东: 山东师范大学硕士学位论文. Li Haibo. 2012. Study on spatial-temporal distribution and causes of heat island effect in Jinan city based on MODIS [D]. M. S. thesis (in Chinese), Shandong Normal University.
[19]	Li H B, Robock A, Liu S X, et al. 2005. Evaluation of reanalysis soil moisture simulations using updated Chinese soil moisture observations [J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6: 180-193.
[20]	李明星, 马柱国, 牛国跃. 2011. 中国区域土壤湿度变化的时空特征模拟研究 [J]. 科学通报, 56 (16): 1288-1330. Li Mingxing, Ma Zhuguo, Niu Guoyue. 2011. Modeling spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture in China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 56 (16): 1288-1330.
[21]	李振新, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 等. 2006. 岷江上游两种生态系统降雨分配的比较 [J]. 植物生态学报, 30 (5): 723-731. Li Zhenxin, Ouyang Zhiyun, Zheng Hua, et al. 2006. Comparison of rainfall redistribution in two ecosystems in Minjiang upper catchments [J]. Journal of Plant Ecology (in Chinese), 30 (5): 723-731.
[22]	刘少锋, 林朝晖. 2005. 通用陆面模式CLM在东亚不同典型下垫面的验证试验 [J]. 气候与环境研究, 10 (3): 684-699. Liu Shaofeng, Lin Zhaohui. 2005. Validation of common land model using field experiment data over typical land cover types in East Asia [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 10 (3): 684-699.
[23]	刘世荣. 1996. 中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律 [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 346pp. Liu Shirong. 1996. The Law of Chinese Forest Ecosystems Hydrological Function (in Chinese) [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 346 pp.
[24]	吕瑜良, 刘世荣, 孙鹏森, 等. 2007. 川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征 [J]. 应用生态学报, 18 (11): 2398-2405. Lü Yuliang, Liu Shirong, Sun Pengsen, et al. 2007. Canopy interception of sub-alpine dark coniferous communities in Western Sichuan, China [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (in Chinese), 18 (11): 2398-2405.
[25]	陆其峰. 2006. 陆面下边界对区域气候模拟的影响（LAI为例）及区域气候模式 (CWRF+CLM) 陆面遥感参数预处理研究 [D]. 南京信息工程大学博士学位论文, 138pp. Lu Qifeng. 2006. The lower boundary of land surface effects on regional climate simulation (LAI for example) and the pretreatment of remote sensing parameters of regional climate model (CWRF+CLM) [D]. Ph. D. dissertation (in Chinese), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 138pp.
[26]	Nicholson S. 2000. Land surface processes and Sahel climate [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 38 (1): 117-139.
[27]	彭京备, 张庆云, 布和朝鲁, 等. 2007. 2006年川渝地区高温干旱特征及其成因分析 [J]. 气候与环境研究, 12 (3): 464-474. Peng Jingbei, Zhang Qingyun, Buhe Cholaw, et al. 2007. On the characteristics and possible causes of a severe drought and heat wave in the Sichuan Chongqing region in 2006 [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 12 (3): 464-474.
[28]	Rodell M, Houser P R, Jambor U, et al. 2004. The global land data assimilation system [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85 (3): 381-394.
[29]	Robock A, Vinnikov K Y, Srinivasan G, et al. 2000. The global soil moisture data bank [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81 (6): 1281-1299.
[30]	Schubert S D, Suarez M J, Pegion P J, et al. 2004. Causes of long-term drought in the U.S. Great Plains [J]. Journal of Climate, 17: 485-503.
[31]	Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood E F. 2006. Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling [J]. Journal of Climate, 19 (13): 3088-3111.
[32]	时忠杰, 王彦辉, 徐丽宏, 等. 2009. 六盘山华山松（Pinus armandii）林降雨再分配及其空间变异特征 [J]. 生态学报, 29 (1): 76-85. Shi Zhongjie, Wang Yanhui, Xu Lihong, et al. 2009. Rainfall redistribution and its spatial variation in the stand of Pinus armandii in the Liupan Mountains, China [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 29 (1): 76-85.
[33]	王佑民. 2000. 我国林冠降水再分配研究综述(I) [J]. 西北林学院学报, 15 (3): 1-7. Wang Youmin. 2000. The redistribution of canopy precipitation research in China (I) [J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University (in Chinese), 15 (3): 1-7.
[34]	吴希媛, 张丽萍. 2006. 降水再分配受雨强、坡度、覆盖度影响的机理研究 [J]. 水土保持学报, 20 (4): 28-30. Wu Xiyuan, Zhang Liping. 2006. Research on effecting factors of precipitations redistribution of rainfall intensity, gradient, and cover ratio [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (in Chinese), 20 (4): 28-30.
[35]	Xue Y K, Juang H M H, Li W P, et al. 2004. Role of land surface processes in monsoon development: East Asia and West Africa [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D03105, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003556.
[36]	严建武, 陈报章, 房世峰, 等. 2012. 植被指数对旱灾的响应研究——以中国西南地区2009～2010年特大干旱为例 [J]. 遥感学报, 16 (4): 720-737. Yan Jianwu, Chen Baozhang, Fang Shifeng, et al. 2012. The response of vegetation index to drought: Taking the extreme drought disaster between 2009 and 2010 in Southwest China as an example [J]. Journal of Remote Sensing (in Chinese), 16 (4): 720-737.
[37]	Yasunari T. 2007. Role of land-atmosphere interaction on Asian monsoon climate[J]. Journal of Meteorological of Society of Japan, 85B: 55-75.
[38]	赵济. 1997. 中国自然地理 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 342pp. Zhao Ji. 1997. Physical Geography of China (in Chinese) [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 342 pp.
[39]	张建云, 李纪生. 译. 2002. 水文学手册 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1278pp. Zhang Jianyun, Li Jisheng. Translate. 2002. Handbook of Hydrology (in Chinese) [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1278pp.
[40]	Zeng X B, Shaikh M, Dai Y J, et al. 2002. Coupling of the common land model to the NCAR community climate model [J]. Journal of Climate, 15 (14): 1832-1854.