The Latest Change in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Vegetation Index and Its Relationship with Climate Factors
-
摘要: 利用GIMMS/NDVI(全球库存模拟和影像研究/归一化植被指数,Global Inventory Modeling and MappingStudies,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)和MODIS/NDVI遥感数据以及青藏高原6个气象代表站的站点数据,结合多种统计和计算方法,分析了青藏高原植被NDVI变化规律及其影响因子。结果表明:1982~2013年青藏高原多年平均植被NDVI的空间分布存在明显的区域差异,总体上呈从东南向西北递减的趋势,而且发现不同地区植被的时间变化规律也不尽相同。根据高原长势最好的6~9月植被NDVI进行经验正交分解,将青藏高原植被分为5个区,并进一步分析了不同分区内植被的变化规律,得出:青藏高原植被NDVI下降最明显的区域在二区的噶尔班公宽谷湖盆地地区和北羌塘高原地区,植被NDVI上升最明显的区域在四区的祁连山东部地区。为了探讨青藏高原不同分区内影响植被NDVI下降的因子,从青藏高原二区、四区、五区各选取NDVI处于下降趋势的两个代表站点。研究分析了各个站点植被NDVI与降水量、平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、日照百分率5个气象因子的关系,得出:在高原二区日照强度是其它分区的两倍左右,而降水量相对较少导致植被NDVI降低。高原四区由于降水量小、温度高、日照强,导致植被NDVI处于下降趋势;在青藏高原五区虽然降水充足,但日照较弱,限制了植被的正常成长导致NDVI处于下降趋势中;其结果为高原植被退化机制研究及高原植被对大气反馈等奠定了基础。Abstract: Based on the remote sensing data of GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI, as well as data collected at six meteorological stations in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the authors discussed the spatio-temporal variation of the vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its influencing factors using statistical and calculation methods. The results show some obvious differences in the spatial distribution of annual mean Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau vegetation NDVI from 1982 to 2013; the NDVI over all decreased from southeast to northwest. In addition, temporal variations of the vegetation index in different areas were not exactly the same. Using EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) analysis, the authors analyzed the regular changing patterns of vegetation coverage over five subregions, which were divided based on NDVI during the growing season from June to September. The results indicate that the largest decrease in NDVI over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau occurred in the area of Gar-Lake Bangong Gully and the northern Qiangtang Plateau, while increases in NDVI over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was found in the eastern Qilian Mountain. In order to explore the factors affecting the decline of NDVI in different subregions, two representative stations were selected in subregions Ⅱ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the NDVI showed a declining trend. The authors also discussed the relationship between NDVI and total precipitation, average temperature, mean maximum temperature, and percentage of sunshine duration at each station. Preliminary results show that in subregion Ⅱ of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the sunshine duration was double that in other subregions while precipitation was relatively low, resulting in vegetation degradation. The vegetation degradation in subregion Ⅳ was attributed to limited precipitation, high temperature, and strong sunshine. In subregion Ⅴ, precipitation was sufficient but sunshine was weak, which also caused the vegetation degradation. The above results lay a profound foundation for the mechanism study of vegetation degradation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its feedback to the atmosphere.
-
图 3 1982~2013年(a)6月、(b)7月、(c)8月、(d)9月青藏高原植被NDVI趋势相关系数分布(相关系数大于0.32超过90%的信度检验,大于0.38超过95%的信度检验)
Figure 3. Distributions of trend correlation coefficient of NDVI over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in (a) Jun, (b) Jul, (c)Aug, and (d) Sep during 1982–2013 (correlation coefficient greater than 0.32 exceeds the 90% confidence level, and that greater than 0.38 exceeds the 95% confidence level)
表 1 青藏高原逐月GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI之间的回归模型
Table 1. Regression model between monthly GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
月份 回归模型 决定系数R2 5 y=0.724x+0.008 0.916* 6 y=0.828x+0.014 0.887* 7 y=0.836x+0.002 0.905* 8 y=0.849x+0.019 0.837* 9 y=0.801x+0.025 0.919* 10 y=0.764x+0.023 0.839* 注:x、y分别代表MODIS NDVI和GIMMS NDVI。
*表示显著性系数P<0.05。表 2 青藏高原各分区代表站植被NDVI和5个气象要素的相关系数
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between NDVI and five meteorological elements at the representative stations of each subregion over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
月份 地区 与NDVI的相关系数 降水量 平均气温 平均最高气温 平均最低气温 日照百分率 6月 二区 –0.3731* –0.2876 –0.3976* 0.2841 0.2962 四区 0.5042** –0.4657** –0.4355* –0.4651* –0.3524 五区 –0.4326* 0.4468* 0.5037** 0.4238* 0.5106** 7月 二区 –0.2184 –0.2126 –0.3640* –0.1641 0.2796 四区 0.2327 –0.4683** –0.3768* –0.3801* 0.4973** 五区 0.4233* –0.3587 0.2001 –0.4564* –0.4522* 8月 二区 –0.1517 0.1908 0.1513 0.3591 –0.2657 四区 0.4711** –0.4136* –0.4055* –0.1294 0.3893* 五区 0.4113* –0.2014 –0.1055 –0.3257 –0.1175 9月 二区 –0.3649* 0.2435 –0.3296 –0.3054 0.3578 四区 0.4956** –0.4377* –0.3921* 0.1324 –0.5067** 五区 0.4632** 0.3489 0.4793** 0.3068 –0.4762** *表示P≤0.05具有统计学意义。
**表示P≤0.01具有高度的统计学意义。表 3 青藏高原各分区代表站植被NDVI和5个气象要素去趋势以后的相关系数
Table 3. Correlation coefficient between detrended NDVI and five meteorological factors at the representative stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
月份 地区 去趋势后的相关系数 降水量 平均气温 平均最高气温 平均最低气温 日照百分率 6月 二区 –0.3671* –0.2851 –0.3014 0.1093 0.0314 四区 0.3324 –0.4127* –0.3830* –0.3498 –0.3147 五区 –0.2036 0.4537* 0.4762** 0.2163 0.5011** 7月 二区 –0.1576 –0.0479 –0.0772 –0.1532 0.2234 四区 0.1225 –0.3749* –0.2396 –0.3128 0.4067* 五区 0.3985 –0.3174 0.2051 –0.4019* –0.3952* 8月 二区 –0.0840 0.1538 0.1414 0.3425 –0.2575 四区 0.4001* –0.2835 –0.3961* –0.0654 0.3628* 五区 0.3936* –0.0864 –0.0756 –0.1958 –0.3279 9月 二区 –0.3739* 0.1615 –0.4123 –0.3174 0.3624* 四区 0.4639** –0.4128* –0.3629* 0.2061 –0.4934** 五区 0.4529* 0.3185 0.4826** 0.4965** –0.4625** *表示P≤0.05具有统计学意义。
**表示P≤0.01具有高度的统计学意义。表 4 青藏高原各分区代表站气象要素的月平均值
Table 4. Meteorological elements on average at the representative stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
月份 地区 降水量/mm 平均气温/℃ 平均最高气温/℃ 平均最低气温/℃ 日照百分率 6月 二区 13.1 10.09 17.87 2.35 76.96% 四区 27.6 12.14 20.31 7.23 61.46% 五区 119.8 17.66 25.10 12.39 38.66% 7月 二区 36.3 13.45 20.23 6.63 74.68% 四区 28.5 16.45 23.87 10.56 62.84% 五区 140.5 17.79 24.82 13.16 38.32% 8月 二区 40.3 12.59 19.43 6.34 77.04% 四区 15.5 15.51 25.26 8.45 67.76% 五区 104.8 19.18 25.38 12.59 40.1% 9月 二区 13.4 8.94 15.98 1.69 80.28% 四区 9.0 10.78 18.68 3.95 71.44% 五区 95.2 15.22 22.71 10.64 43.02% -
[1] 蔡英, 李栋梁, 汤懋苍, 等. 2003.青藏高原近50年来气温的年代际变化[J].高原气象, 22(5):464-470. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200305006.htmCai Ying, Li Dongliang, Tang Maocang, et al. 2003. Decadal temperature changes over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in recent 50 years[J]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 22(5):464-470. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200305006.htm [2] 陈世强, 文莉娟, 吕世华, 等. 2007.黄河上游玛曲县植被指数与气候变化研究[J].冰川冻土, 29(1):131-136. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200701019.htmChen Shiqiang, Wen Lijuan, Lü Shihua, et al. 2007. Study of NDVI and climate change in Maqu County, upstream of Yellow River[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (in Chinese), 29(1):131-136. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200701019.htm [3] 陈永金, 陈亚宁, 刘加珍. 2010.塔里木河下游植被覆盖度变化与地下水质关系[J].环境科学, 31(3):612-617. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201003012.htmChen Yongjin, Chen Yaning, Liu Jiazhen. 2010. Correlationships between the coverage of vegetation and the quality of groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Environmental Science (in Chinese), 31(3):612-617. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201003012.htm [4] 丁明军, 沈振西, 张镱锂, 等. 2005.青藏公路与铁路沿途1981年-2001年植被覆盖变化[J].资源科学, 27(5):128-133. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZY200505019.htmDing Mingjun, Shen Zhenxi, Zhang Yili, et al. 2005. Vegetation change along the Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway from 1981 to 2001[J]. Resources Science (in Chinese), 27(5):128-133. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZY200505019.htm [5] 丁明军, 张镱锂, 刘林山, 等. 2010.青藏高原植被覆盖对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征[J].地理科学进展, 29(4):507-512. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.04.018Ding Mingjun, Zhang Yili, Liu Linshan, et al. 2010. Seasonal time lag response of NDVI to temperature and precipitation change and its spatial characteristics in Tibetan Plateau[J]. Progress in Geography (in Chinese), 29(4):507-512. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.04.018 [6] 段克勤, 姚檀栋, 王宁练, 等. 2008.青藏高原南北降水变化差异研究[J].冰川冻土, 30(5):726-732. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200805003.htmDuan Keqin, Yao Tandong, Wang Ninglian, et al. 2008. The difference in precipitation variability between the north and south Tibetan Plateaus[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (in Chinese), 30(5):726-732. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200805003.htm [7] 冯松, 姚檀栋, 江灏, 等. 2001.青藏高原近600年的温度变化[J].高原气象, 20(1):105-108. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200101020.htmFeng Song, Yao Tandong, Jiang Hao, et al. 2001. Temperature variations over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the past 600 years[J]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 20(1):105-108. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200101020.htm [8] 华维, 范广洲, 周定文, 等. 2009.青藏高原四季日照时数年际、年代际变化趋势分析[J].自然资源学报, 24(10):1810-1817. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2009.10.015Hua Wei, Fan Guangzhou, Zhou Dingwen, et al. 2009. Analysis on the variation trend of interannual and interdecadal seasonal sunshine duration over Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources (in Chinese), 24(10):1810-1817. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2009.10.015 [9] 黄方, 王平, 刘权. 2008.松嫩平原西部植被覆盖动态变化研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版), 40(4):115-120. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DBSZ200804025.htmHuang Fang, Wang Ping, Liu Quan. 2008. Analysis of vegetation change in west Songnen plain since 1998[J]. Journal of Northeast Normal University (Natural Science Edition) (in Chinese), 40(4):115-120. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DBSZ200804025.htm [10] Ichii K, Kawabata A, Yamaguchi Y. 2002. Global correlation analysis for NDVI and climatic variables and NDVI trends:1982-1990[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 23(18):3873-3878, doi: 10.1080/01431160110119416. [11] James M E, Kalluri S N V. 1994. The Pathfinder AVHRR land data set:An improved coarse resolution data set for terrestrial monitoring[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15(17):3347-3363, doi: 10.1080/01431169408954335. [12] 康悦, 李振朝, 田辉, 等. 2011.黄河源区植被变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应过程研究[J].气候与环境研究, 16(4):505-512. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2011.04.11Kang Yue, Li Zhenchao, Tian Hui, et al. 2011. Trend of vegetation evaluation and its responses to climate change over the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 16(4):505-512, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2011.04.11. [13] 李晓兵, 陈云浩, 张云霞, 等. 2002.气候变化对中国北方荒漠草原植被的影响[J].地球科学进展, 17(2):254-261. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ200202015.htmLi Xiaobing, Chen Yunhao, Zhang Yunxia, et al. 2002. Impact of climate change on desert steppe in northern China[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences (in Chinese), 17(2):254-261. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ200202015.htm [14] 李晓兵, 陈云浩, 王宏, 等. 2004.中国土地覆盖动态变化幅度的区域分异规律[J].地理科学, 24(3):270-274. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLKX200403003.htmLi Xiaobing, Chen Yunhao, Wang Hong, et al. 2004. Regional distribution of land cover change amplitude in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 24(3):270-274. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLKX200403003.htm [15] 林振耀, 吴祥定. 1981.青藏高原气候区划[J].地理学报, 36(1):22-32. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB198101002.htmLin Zhenyao, Wu Xiangding. 1981. Climatic regionalization of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 36(1):22-32. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB198101002.htm [16] 明庆忠. 2007.西南季风对中国自然环境影响的区域变化研究[J].云南地理环境研究, 19(4):93-96. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YNDL200704018.htmMing Qingzhong. 2007. A study on regional change of natural environment of China influenced by Southwest monsoon[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research (in Chinese), 19(4):93-96. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YNDL200704018.htm [17] 牛涛, 陈隆勋, 王文. 2002.青藏高原冬季平均温度、湿度气候特征的REOF分析[J].应用气象学报, 13(5):560-570. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX200205004.htmNiu Tao, Chen Longxun, Wang Wen. 2002. REOF analysis of climatic characteristics of winter temperature and humidity on Xizang-Qinghai Plateau[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 13(5):560-570. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX200205004.htm [18] Piao S L, Fang J Y, Ji W, et al. 2004. Variation in a satellite-based vegetation index in relation to climate in China[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15:219-226. doi: 10.1658/1100-9233(2004)015[0219:VIASVI]2.0.CO;2 [19] Piao S L, Mohammat A, Fang J Y, et al. 2006. NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China[J]. Global Environmental Change, 16(4):340-348, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002. [20] 朴世龙, 方精云. 2003. 1982~1999年我国陆地植被活动对气候变化响应的季节差异[J].地理学报, 58(1):119-125. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB200301014.htmPiao Shilong, Fang Jingyun. 2003. Seasonal changes in vegetation activity in response to climate changes in China between 1982 and 1999[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica (in Chinese), 58(1):199-125. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB200301014.htm [21] 施能. 1996.北半球冬季大气环流遥相关的长期变化及其与我国气候变化的关系[J].气象学报, 54(6):675-683. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1996.070Shi Neng. 1996. Secular variation of winter atmospheric teleconnection pattern in the Northern Hemisphere and its relation with China's climate change[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 54(6):675-683. doi: 10.11676/qxxb1996.070 [22] Townshend J R G. 1994. Global data sets for land applications from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer:An introduction[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15(17):3319-3332. doi: 10.1080/01431169408954333 [23] 王根绪, 李元寿, 王一博, 等. 2010.青藏高原河源区地表过程与环境变化[M].北京:科学出版社, 20-35.Wang Genxu, Li Yuanshou, Wang Yibo, et al. 2010. Landsurface Processes and Environmental Changes in River Headwater Regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (in Chinese)[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 20-35. [24] 王谋, 李勇, 白宪洲, 等. 2004.全球变暖对青藏高原腹地草地资源的影响[J].自然资源学报, 19(3):331-336. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2004.03.009Wang Mou, Li Yong, Bai Xianzhou, et al. 2004. The impact of global warming on vegetation resources in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources (in Chinese), 19(3):331-336, doi:10.11849/zrzyxb. 2004.03.009. [25] 王谋, 李勇, 黄润秋, 等. 2005.青藏高原腹地植物碳同位素组成对环境条件的响应[J].山地学报, 23(3):274-279. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDYA200503003.htmWang Mou, Li Yong, Huang Runqiu, et al. 2005. The responses of floral carbonate isotopic compositions of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plants to environmental conditions[J]. Journal of Mountain Science (in Chinese), 23(3):274-279. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDYA200503003.htm [26] 王青霞, 吕世华, 鲍艳, 等. 2014.青藏高原不同时间尺度植被变化特征及其与气候因子的关系分析[J].高原气象, 33(2):301-312. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00002Wang Qingxia, Lü Shihua, Bao Yan, et al. 2014. Characteristics of vegetation change and its relationship with climate factors in different time-scales on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 33(2):301-312, doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00002. [27] 王同美, 吴国雄, 万日金. 2008.青藏高原的热力和动力作用对亚洲季风区环流的影响[J].高原气象, 27(1):1-9. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200801000.htmWang Tongmei, Wu Guoxiong, Wan Rijin. 2008. Influence of the mechanical and thermal forcing of Tibetan Plateau on the circulation of the Asian summer monsoon area[J]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 27(1):1-9. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200801000.htm [28] 魏凤英. 2007.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术(第2版)[M].北京:气象出版社, 1-298.Wei Fengying. 2007. Modern Climatic Statistical Diagnosis and Prediction Technology (2nd ed) (in Chinese)[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 1-299. [29] 韦志刚, 黄荣辉, 董文杰. 2003.青藏高原气温和降水的年际和年代际变化[J].大气科学, 27(2):157-170. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.02.03Wei Zhigang, Huang Ronghui, Dong Wenjie. 2003. Interannual and interdecadal variations of air temperature and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 27(2):157-170, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.02.03. [30] Weiss J L, Gutzler D S, Allred Coonrod J E, et al. 2004. Seasonal and inter-annual relationships between vegetation and climate in central New Mexico, USA[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 57(4):507-534, doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00113-7. [31] 武正丽, 贾文雄, 刘亚荣, 等. 2014.近10a来祁连山植被覆盖变化研究[J].干旱区研究, 31(1):80-87. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHQJ201401014.htmWu Zhengli, Jia Wenxiong, Liu Yarong, et al. 2014. Change of vegetation coverage in the Qilian mountains in recent 10 years[J]. Arid Zone Research (in Chinese), 31(1):80-87. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHQJ201401014.htm [32] 杨春艳, 沈渭寿, 林乃峰. 2014.西藏高原气候变化及其差异性[J].干旱区地理, 37(2):290-298. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHDL201402014.htmYang Chunyan, Shen Weitao, Lin Naifeng. 2014. Climate change and its regional differences over the Tibet Plateau[J]. Arid Land Geography (in Chinese), 37(2):290-298. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHDL201402014.htm [33] 杨富裕, 张蕴薇, 苗彦军, 等. 2003.藏北高寒退化草地植被恢复过程的障碍因子初探[J].水土保持通报, 23(4):17-20. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB200304005.htmYang Fuyu, Zhang Yunwei, Miao Yanjun, et al. 2003. Main limiting factors for deteriorated grasslands vegetation restoration of Northern Tibet Plateau[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation (in Chinese), 23(4):17-20. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB200304005.htm [34] 姚檀栋, 郭学军, Thompson L, 等. 2006.青藏高原冰芯过去100年δ18O记录与温度变化[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学), 36(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s11430-004-5096-2Yao Tandong, Guo Xuejun, Thompson L, et al. 2006. δ18O record and temperature change over the past 100 years in ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Science in China (Ser. D), 49(1):1-9, doi: 10.1007/s11430-004-5096-2. [35] 叶笃正, 高由禧. 1979.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1-278.Ye Duzheng, Gao Youxi. 1979. Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese)[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1-278. [36] 张立新, 徐学祖, 马巍. 2001.青藏高原多年冻土与天然气水合物[J].天然气地球科学, 12(1-2):22-26. doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2001.01.22Zhang Lixin, Xu Xuezu, Ma Wei. 2001. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau permafrost and natural gas hydrate[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience (in Chinese), 12(1-2):22-26, doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2001.01.22. [37] 赵忠, 王安禄, 马海生, 等. 2002.青藏高原东缘草地生态系统动态定位监测与可持续发展要素研究Ⅱ高寒草甸草地生态系统植物群落结构特征及物种多样性分析[J].草业科学, 19(6):9-13. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0629.2002.06.004Zhao Zhong, Wang Anlu, Ma Haisheng, et al. 2002. Studies on dynamics monitor and sustainable development in eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grassland Analysis of plant community Ⅱ structural features and grass species diversity[J]. Pratacultural Science (in Chinese), 19(6):9-13, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0629.2002.06.004. [38] 周锁铨, 陈万隆. 1995.青藏高原植被下垫面对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验[J].南京气象学院学报, 18(4):536-542. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX504.011.htmZhou Suoquan, Chen Wanlong. 1995. Numerical experiments with effect of Tibetan vegetation on East Asian atmospheric circulations[J]. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology (in Chinese), 18(4):536-542. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX504.011.htm -