烟花爆竹燃放对天津市空气质量的影响研究

操晚; 唐邈; 薛鹏; 刘子锐; 王莉莉; 陈魁; 唐贵谦; 吉东生

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16109

烟花爆竹燃放对天津市空气质量的影响研究

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16109

操晚^{1, 2,},
唐邈³,
薛鹏^{1, 4},
刘子锐¹,
王莉莉¹,
陈魁³,
唐贵谦¹,
吉东生^1, ,

1.
中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室, 北京 100191
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.
天津市环境监测中心, 天津 300191
4.
南京信息工程大学, 南京 210044

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划 2016YFC0202701

北京市科技计划 ZL171100000617002

详细信息

作者简介:
操晚, 女, 1993年出生, 硕士研究生, 主要从事大气环境方向研究。E-mail: caowan@dq.cern.ac.cn

通讯作者:
吉东生, E-mail: jds@dq.cern.ac.cn

中图分类号: P402
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-05-26
- 网络出版日期: 2017-10-21
- 刊出日期: 2018-03-20

Analysis on the Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Air Pollution Episodes in Tianjin during Spring Festival of 2015

Wan CAO^{1, 2
,},
Miao TANG³,
Peng XUE^{1, 4},
Zirui LIU¹,
Lili WANG¹,
Kui CHEN³,
Guiqian TANG¹,
Dongsheng JI^{1
, ,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3.
Tianjin Environment Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191
4.
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044

Funds:

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2016YFC0202701

Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project ZL171100000617002

摘要

摘要: 为了研究烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响，利用动态滤膜校准系统-微量震荡天平法颗粒物分析仪、大气细颗粒化学组分在线离子色谱监测仪、有机碳（OC）/元素碳（EC）在线分析仪、气态污染物分析仪、常规自动气象站并结合云高仪和微波辐射计等设备于2015年2月18日至3月7日对天津市细颗粒物（PM2.5）及其主要化学组分，气态污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃）和气象参数进行连续观测。本文选取3个污染事件作为研究重点进行分析，研究发现：烟花爆竹禁放和限放政策导致除夕夜烟花爆竹燃放量减少，PM2.5峰值与2014年相比明显下降；烟花爆竹禁放和限放区的设立导致天津市PM2.5质量浓度在烟花爆竹密集燃放期间存在明显的空间差异；站点之间小时平均值差异最高达到394 μg/m³。受烟花爆竹燃放的影响，距地面80 m以下颗粒物后向散射强度相近，表明80 m以下颗粒物呈均匀分布。污染事件1是由于烟花爆竹密集燃放引起的，PM2.5主要化学组分为K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-，同时SO₂和CO质量浓度显著升高；但EC和OC质量浓度并未明显增加。污染事件2的形成是由于不利的气象条件（逆温、逆湿、下沉气流和较高的相对湿度）促进了SO₂和NO_x在烟花爆竹排放的颗粒物表面发生非均相化学反应，导致SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度快速增加。污染事件3由元宵节烟花爆竹燃放引发，而后呈现二次无机组分与臭氧协同增长的复合型污染特征；此外区域传输对污染事件3也有重要贡献。
- 天津 /
- 细颗粒物(PM2.5) /
- 硫酸盐 /
- 硝酸盐 /
- 有机碳 /
- 元素碳 /
- 烟花爆竹
Abstract: To study the impact of firework discharge on air quality in Tianjin, fine particulate matter (PM2.5, aerodynamic diameter is less than or equal to 2.5 microns particulate matter) and its major chemical compositions as well as meteorological variables were measured in Tianjin from 18 Feb to 7 Mar using various instruments like the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance PM2.5 instruments with Filter Dynamic Measurement System, an online Rapid Collector of Fine Particles and Ion Chromatography system, an online OC/EC analyzer, a ceilometer and a microwave radiometer and so on. In this study, three air pollution episodes are selected for analysis. The results show that the implementation of policies of prohibition and restriction on firework discharge resulted in a decline in firework discharge volume and the hourly maximum value of PM2.5 concentration on the Chinese New Year's Eve of 2015 was lower than that in 2014; the set-up of areas of prohibitions and restrictions on firework discharge led to obvious spatial differences in PM2.5 concentration in Tianjin with the maximum difference of 394 μg/m³. The attenuated backscatter densities were similar everywhere from the surface to 80-m height due to the impact of fireworks discharge, suggesting identical vertical distribution of PM2.5 below 80 m. This result is consistent with previous measurements. Air pollution episode 1 (EP 1) was caused by dense discharge of fireworks, in which the main chemical species in PM2.5 are K⁺, SO₄^2-, and Cl^-. Air pollutants like SO₂ and CO evidently increased during this episode. The formation of air pollution episode 2 (EP 2) was attributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions including temperature inversion, wetness inversion, convergence and high relative humidity, which promoted the secondary transformation of SO₄^2- and NO₃^- on the surfaces of particles from firework discharge via heterogenous reactions during EP 2. The third air pollution episode (EP 3) was initiated by the widespread discharge of fireworks on the Lantern Festival and characterized by complex pollution. Collaborative growth of the secondary inorganic components and the O₃ concentration were found during this episode. In addition, regional transport also played an important role in EP 3.
- Tianjin /
- PM2.5 /
- Sulfate /
- Nitrate /
- Organic carbon /
- Elemental carbon /
- Firework discharge

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图 1 天津市空气质量自动监测站点分布

Figure 1. Distribution of air quality monitoring sites in Tianjin

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图 2 2015年(a)EP 1、(b)EP 2和(c)EP 3过程中天津各站PM2.5质量浓度变化

Figure 2. Variations in PM2.5 concentration during (a) air pollution episode for 18-19 Feb (EP 1), (b) air pollution episode for 21-22 Feb (EP 2), and (c) air pollution episode for 5-6 Mar (EP 3)

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图 3 2015年(a)2月18日、(b)2月19日、(c)2月21日、(d)3月5日和(e)3月6日混合层高度圆点和后向散射强度(填色)变化

Figure 3. Variations in the mixed layer height (dots) and attenuated backscatter density (shadings) on (a) 18 Feb, (b) 19 Feb, (c) 21 Feb, (d) 5 Mar, and (e) 6 Mar

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图 4 (a1、a2)EP 1、(b1、b2)EP 2和(c1、c2)EP 3过程中风速、风向、相对湿度(左列)和气压、温度(右列)变化

Figure 4. Variations in wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity (left panel) and pressure, temperature (right panel) during (a1, a2) EP 1, (b1, b2) EP 2, and (c1, c2) EP 3

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图 5 (a1、b1)EP 1、(a2、b2)EP 2和(a3、b3)EP 3过程中(a1、a2、a3)主要水溶性盐、(b1、b2、b3)EC和OC的浓度变化(C表示各物质浓度值)

Figure 5. Variations in (a1, a2, a3) ionic species and (b1, b2, b3) OC and EC of PM2.5 during (a1, b1) EP 1, (a2, b2) EP 2, and (a3, b3) EP 3

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图 6 2015年(a)2月19日、(b)2月21日和(c)3月6日风廓线。等值线表示垂直风速，正值表示下沉运动(绿色)，负值表示上升运动(蓝色)

Figure 6. Profiles of wind on (a) 19 Feb, (b) 21 Feb, and (c) 6 Mar. Contours show vertical wind speed (m/s), negative values represent ascending motion (blue), and positive values represent descending motion (green)

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图 7 2015年(a1、b1)2月19日、(a2、b2)2月21日和(a3、b3)3月6日温度(左列)和相对湿度(右列)廓线

Figure 7. Profiles of temperature (left panel) and relative humidity (right panel) on (a1, b1) 19 Feb, (a2, b2) 21 Feb, and (a3, b3) 6 Mar

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表 1 研究时段天津市空气质量指数（AQI）和首要污染物

Table 1. Air quality indexes and primary air pollutants in Tianjin during the study periods

日期	AQI	首要污染物	空气质量
2月10日	168	PM2.5	中度污染
2月11日	122	PM2.5	轻度污染
2月12日	62	NO₂	良
2月13日	119	PM2.5	轻度污染
2月14日	239	PM2.5	重度污染
2月15日	160	PM2.5	中度污染
2月16日	152	PM2.5	中度污染
2月17日	67	PM10	良
2月18日	94	PM2.5	良
2月19日	105	PM2.5	轻度污染
2月20日	84	PM2.5	良
2月21日	144	PM2.5	轻度污染
2月22日	190	PM10	中度污染
2月23日	97	PM10	良
2月24日	140	PM10	轻度污染
2月25日	108	PM2.5	轻度污染
2月26日	63	PM10	良
2月27日	49		优
2月28日	82	PM2.5	良
3月1日	107	PM10	轻度污染
3月2日	104	PM10	轻度污染
3月3日	70	PM10	良
3月4日	57	PM10	良
3月5日	74	PM10	良
3月6日	134	PM10	轻度污染
3月7日	150	PM10	轻度污染

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