Analysis of the Causes of a Heavy Pollution Fog/Haze Weather in Qingdao City in January 2018
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摘要: 利用中国国家地面站逐小时气象观测资料、中国环境监测总站空气质量逐时监测数据、ECMWF 0.125°（纬度）×0.125°（经度）再分析资料及青岛市八关山自动站常规要素逐小时数据，对2018年1月15~22日青岛市一次重度污染雾—霾天气过程的特征及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明：PM10为首要污染物，污染过程中青岛市48 h 输入污染源前期主要为北方干冷气团与江淮湿空气在山东半岛北部汇聚堆积，后期则主要包括山东省内局地大气污染物排放。雾—霾期间，500 hPa中高纬地区受乌拉尔山阻塞高压和中西伯利亚冷低压控制，宽广的东亚横槽稳定维持，青岛上空以平直西风气流为主，地面等压线稀疏，风速小；随着横槽转竖，纬向型环流转为经向型，冷空气大举南下，风速急增，降雪发生，雾—霾迅速消散。在静稳的大气环流背景下，当近地逆温层内弱风或持续吹陆风，对流层低层上升和下沉运动较弱，水汽条件较好时，有利于雾—霾维持。综合分析雾—霾各阶段PM2.5浓度和相对湿度与能见度间的关系发现，霾阶段两因子影响力相当；雾阶段能见度主要受相对湿度的影响；静稳条件下PM2.5浓度累积增加是影响雾、霾混合阶段能见度的主要因子。Abstract: The pollutant trajectory, atmospheric circulation background, and meteorological factors of a heavy air pollution fog/haze event in Qingdao from 15 January to 22 January 2018, were analyzed using routine weather observation, air quality monitoring data, and ECMWF reanalysis data. The results indicate that during the early stages of pollution in Qingdao, the primary sources were the convergence and accumulation of dry and cold air from Mongolia and wet air from the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. In the late stage, the major sources were the local air pollutants in Shandong Province, with PM10 being the primary pollutant. During the pollution process, controlled by the ural blocking high and cold low pressure in central Siberia, the East Asian transverse trough remained stable over the mid-high latitude area at 500 hPa. Over Qingdao, westerly airflow was dominant, with low wind speeds near the ground. As the transverse trough turned vertical, the zonal circulation changed to meridional, the cold air moved southward, the wind speed increased drastically, and the fog/haze dissipated rapidly. Under stable atmospheric circulation, when the surface layer had a weak wind or continuous land breeze, the ascending and descending motion of the air in the lower troposphere was weak, and the water vapor condition was favorable for the maintenance of fog/haze. Thus, by analyzing the relationship among relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and visibility at various stages of the process, it was observed that during the haze stage, the influence of both factors was comparable; moreover, during the fog stage, visibility was primarily affected by relative humidity, and accumulation and increase of PM2.5 concentration under static and steady conditions were the primary factors affecting visibility during the fog and haze mixing stage.
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Key words:
- Fog/haze /
- Backward trajectory /
- Circulation /
- Meteorological factor
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图 1 2018年1月15～23日青岛市空气质量指数AQI逐时变化
Figure 1. Hourly changes in air quality index in Qingdao City from 15 to 23 January 2018
图 2 2018年1月15～22日青岛市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2和O3平均浓度的逐时变化
Figure 2. Hourly change of average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 in Qingdao City during 15–22 January 2018
图 3 2018年1月（a）15日05:00、（b）18日05:00和（c）20日07:00青岛地区（36.1°N，120.3°E ）气流后向轨迹
Figure 3. Backward trajectory of airflow over Qingdao (36.1°N, 120.3°E) at (a) 0500 LST 15 January, (b) 0500 LST 18 January, and (c) 0700 LST 20 January 2018
图 4 2018年1月20日08:00（a）500 hPa和（b）700 hPa位势高度场（等值线，单位：gpm）、温度场（填色，单位：°C）和风场（矢量场，单位：m/s）分布。绿点表示青岛市区
Figure 4. Distribution of the geopotential height field (contour, units: gpm), temperature field (colored, units:°C), and wind field (vector, units: m/s) at (a) 500 hPa and (b) 700 hPa at 0800 LST 20 January 2018. The green dots represent the Qingdao urban areas
图 5 2018年1月20日08:00（a）850 hPa温度场（单位：°C）和风场（单位：m/s）、（b）海平面气压场（单位：hPa）和风场（单位：m/s）分布。绿点表示青岛市区
Figure 5. Distribution of (a) the temperature field (°C) and wind field (m/s) at 850 hPa, (b) sea level pressure field (hPa), and surface wind field (m/s) at 0800 LST 20 January 2018. The green dots represent the Qingdao urban area
图 6 青岛站（54857）2018年1月（a）15日08:00、（b）16日20:00和（c）21日20:00的温度对数压力图
Figure 6. Temperature–log p diagram at the Qingdao station (54857) at (a) 0800 LST 15 January, (b) 2000 LST 16 January, and (c) 2000 LST 21 January 2018
图 7 2018年 1月15～22日青岛地区气压（绿线，单位：hPa）、平均地面风速（蓝线，单位：m/s）与能见度（红线，单位：m）的逐时分布
Figure 7. Hourly distribution of pressure (green line, units: hPa), average surface wind speed (blue line, units: m/s), and visibility (red line, units: m) in Qingdao from 15 to 22 January 2018
图 8 山东省2018年1月（a）18日、（b）19日14:00地面10 m高度风速（单位：m/s）分布。红点表示青岛市区
Figure 8. Distribution of wind speed (m/s) at the height of 10 m at 1400 LST on (a) 18 and (b) 19 January in Shandong Province. The red dots represent the urban area of Qingdao
图 9 2018年1月15～22日青岛（36.1°N，120.3°E）（a）散度（单位：10−5 s−1）和（b）相对湿度的时间—高度剖面
Figure 9. Time–height profile of (a) divergence (10−5 s−1) and (b) relative humidity over Qingdao (36.1°N, 120.3°E) during 15–22 January 2018
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