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青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征

李卓敏 巩远发 向楠

李卓敏, 巩远发, 向楠. 2023. 青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征[J]. 气候与环境研究, 28(4): 367−384 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180
引用本文: 李卓敏, 巩远发, 向楠. 2023. 青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征[J]. 气候与环境研究, 28(4): 367−384 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180
LI Zhuomin, GONG Yuanfa, XIANG Nan. 2023. Variation Characteristics of Daytime/Nighttime Rainy Days of Different Magnitudes over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China over 60 Years [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 28 (4): 367−384 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180
Citation: LI Zhuomin, GONG Yuanfa, XIANG Nan. 2023. Variation Characteristics of Daytime/Nighttime Rainy Days of Different Magnitudes over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China over 60 Years [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 28 (4): 367−384 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180

青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目U20A2097、41775079、42075008
详细信息
    作者简介:

    李卓敏,女,1997年出生,硕士研究生,主要从事短期气候异常变化的诊断研究。E-mail: 314340762@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    巩远发,E-mail: gyfa@cuit.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P426.6

Variation Characteristics of Daytime/Nighttime Rainy Days of Different Magnitudes over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China over 60 Years

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grants U20A2097, 41775079, 42075008)
  • 摘要: 利用国家气象科学数据中心的青藏高原81个站和西南地区80个气象站点的逐日昼夜降水量资料,统计分析了1961~2020年60年来两个地区不同量级昼夜降雨日数及其差异的年变化、年际变化(趋势)特征。结果表明:(1)青藏高原和西南地区不同等级昼夜降水日数年变化都是在5月迅速增多,11月显著减少;两个地区的降雨日数昼夜差异大的月份均在5~10月,大雨和暴雨日数在5~10月的贡献更大,青藏高原暴雨日数占全年暴雨日数的85%以上、大雨占比90%以上,西南地区这两个量级降水占比分别为93%和86%;两个地区雨季夜间发生极端强降水(暴雨)的概率远大于白天。(2)两个地区雨季不同量级昼夜降水日数差异显著。三江源和青藏高原东南部昼夜都是小雨、中雨的频次多,大雨仅夜间在西藏东南部及三江源东侧发生较多;暴雨仅在青藏高原东部多发,夜间发生的站点明显多于白天。西南地区昼夜小雨和中雨发生率较高的地区包括川中区域、川西边缘山地和云南西南部;大雨在云南西南部白天易于发生,川中则是夜间易于发生;暴雨以上量级的典型多发区为四川中东部、重庆西部、贵州中南部。(3)两个区域雨季昼夜分等级降雨日数的年际变化总体趋势有明显的不同。青藏高原地区除了夜间小雨日数为显著减少外,其余的不同量级昼夜降雨日数都显著增加,夜间的增加趋势均大于白天,大雨和暴雨在夜间的增加趋势几乎是白天的2倍。与青藏高原不同的是,西南地区小量级降水(小雨—中雨—大雨)日数总体呈显著减少趋势,其中夜间的小雨日数减幅最大,为白昼的2倍左右;大量级降水(暴雨—大暴雨)日数则是相反的增加趋势,且夜间增加趋势大于白天。
  • 图  1  青藏高原、西南地区研究区域站点分布及区域划分示意图(黑色圆点为青藏高原站点,红色圆点为西南地区站点)

    Figure  1.  Schematic of station distribution and area division in the study area of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Southwest China (the black dots represent the stations on the Tibetan Plateau, and the red dots represent the stations in Southwest China)

    图  2  1961~2020年平均青藏高原地区不同等级昼雨日数、夜雨日数站次累计年变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数之比:(a)小雨;(b)中雨;(c)大雨;(d)暴雨以上

    Figure  2.  Cumulative annual change in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days and the ratio of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different grades on the Tibetan Plateau from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

    图  3  1961~2020年平均西南地区不同等级昼雨日数、夜雨日数站次累计年变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数之比:(a)小雨;(b)中雨;(c)大雨;(d)暴雨以上

    Figure  3.  Cumulative annual change in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days and the ratio of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different grades in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

    图  4  1961~2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季小雨—大雨不同等级年均昼夜降雨日数空间分布(单位:d/a):(a)昼小雨日数;(b)夜小雨日数;(c)昼中雨日数;(d)夜中雨日数;(e)昼大雨日数;(f)夜大雨日数

    Figure  4.  Spatial distribution of annual averaged daytime/nighttime rainy days in the rainy season at different levels (light rain—heavy rain) (units: d/a) over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rainy days during the day; (b) light rainy days at night; (c) moderate rainy days during the day; (d) moderate rainy days in the night; (e) heavy rainy days during the day; (f) heavy rainy days at night

    图  5  1961~2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季暴雨—特大暴雨不同等级累计昼夜降雨日数空间分布(单位:d):(a)昼暴雨日数;(b)夜暴雨日数;(c)昼大暴雨日数;(d)夜大暴雨日数;(e)昼特大暴雨日数;(f)夜特大暴雨日数

    Figure  5.  Spatial distribution of the cumulative number of daytime/nighttime rainy days (units: d) in the rainy season for different grades (rainstorm-extraordinary rainstorm) over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Rainstorm days during the day; (b) rainstorm days at night; (c) torrential rainy days during the day; (d) torrential rainy days at night; (e) extraordinary rainstorm days during the day; (f) extraordinary rainstorm days at night

    图  6  1961~2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季昼夜小雨—大雨日数的空间倾向率分布(单位:d/10 a,黑色标记表示通过95%置信度检验的站点):(a)昼小雨日数;(b)夜小雨日数;(c)昼中雨日数;(d)夜中雨日数;(e)昼大雨日数;(f)夜大雨日数

    Figure  6.  Distribution of the spatial tendency rate of daytime/nighttime rainy days during the rainy season between light rain and heavy rain over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020 (the black marks are sites that pass the test at 95% confidence level, units: d/10 a): (a) Light rainy days during the day; (b) light rainy days at night; (c) moderate rainy days during the day; (d) moderate rainy days at night; (e) heavy rainy days during the day; (f) heavy rainy days at night

    图  7  1961~2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季昼夜暴雨—特大暴雨日数的空间倾向率分布(单位:d/10 a,黑色标记为通过95%置信度检验的站点):(a)昼暴雨日数;(b)夜暴雨日数;(c)昼大暴雨日数;(d)夜大暴雨日数;(e)昼特大暴雨日数;(f)夜特大暴雨日数

    Figure  7.  Distribution of spatial tendency rate of daytime/nighttime rainstorm—extraordinarily heavy rainy days during the rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020 (black marks are sites that pass the test at 95% confidence level, units: d/10 a): (a) Rainstorm days during the day; (b) rainstorm days at night; (c) torrential rain days during the day; (d) torrential rain days in the night; (e) extraordinary rainstorm days during the day; (f) extraordinary rainstorm days at night

    图  8  1961~2020年青藏高原雨季不同等级月平均昼雨、夜雨日数站次累计的年际变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数的比值(柱状图):(a)小雨;(b)中雨;(c)大雨;(d)暴雨以上

    Figure  8.  Interannual variation in the cumulative number of monthly average rainy days and the ratio (black bars) of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different magnitudes during rainy season on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

    图  9  1961~2020年西南地区雨季不同等级月平均昼雨、夜雨日数站次累计的年际变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数的比值:(a)小雨;(b)中雨;(c)大雨;(d)暴雨以上

    Figure  9.  Interannual variation of the cumulative number of monthly average rainy days and the ratio (black bars) of nighttime rainy days to the daytime rainy days of different magnitudes during the rainy season in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

    表  1  12 h降水总量等级划分

    Table  1.   Classification of 12-h total precipitation levels

    降水强度等级12 h降水总量/mm
    小雨≤4.9
    中雨5.0~14.9
    大雨15.0~29.9
    暴雨30.0~69.9
    大暴雨70.0~139.9
    特大暴雨≥140.0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  1961~2020年青藏高原不同等级昼夜降雨日数的气候倾向率站点数个数统计

    Table  2.   Statistics on the number of climatic tendency rate stations of different grades of daytime/nighttime rainy days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020

    降水量级站点数
    昼降雨日数趋势夜降雨日数趋势
    增加减少显著增加显著减少增加减少显著增加显著减少
    小雨3546131431501125
    中雨63182406219163
    大雨56231014833120
    暴雨361950502780
    大暴雨23006500
    特大暴雨00000100
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  1961~2020年西南地区不同等级昼夜降雨日数的气候倾向率站点个数统计

    Table  3.   Statistics on the number of climatic tendency rate stations of different grades of daytime/nighttime rainy days in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020

    降水量级站点数
    昼降雨日数趋势昼降雨日数趋势
    增加减少显著增加显著减少增加减少显著增加显著减少
    小雨278055080065
    中雨1862121971013
    大雨334717285005
    暴雨423861443642
    大暴雨472632483293
    特大暴雨111000262500
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  1961~2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季分区不同等级月平均昼夜降雨日数站次累计的年际变化趋势

    Table  4.   Interannual variation trend of the cumulative number of stations with monthly average daytime/nighttime rainy days of different grades in the rainy season from 1961 to 2020

    stations d/10 a
    降水量级青藏高原降雨日数站次
    累计的年际变化趋势
    西南地区降雨日数站次
    累计的年际变化趋势
    昼雨夜雨昼雨夜雨
    小雨4.67*-2.92-19.85*-34.73*
    中雨4.05*4.71*-4.26*-4.83*
    大雨0.59*1.17*-0.80-0.59
    暴雨0.14*0.30*0.390.58
    *表示通过了95%的置信度检验。
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-11-17
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-02-15
  • 刊出日期:  2023-07-25

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