青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征

李卓敏; 巩远发; 向楠

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180

青藏高原和西南地区60年不同等级昼夜降雨日数的变化特征

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2022.21180

成都信息工程大学大气科学学院高原大气与环境四川省重点实验室，成都 610225

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目U20A2097、41775079、42075008

详细信息

作者简介:
李卓敏，女，1997年出生，硕士研究生，主要从事短期气候异常变化的诊断研究。E-mail: 314340762@qq.com

通讯作者:
巩远发，E-mail: gyfa@cuit.edu.cn

中图分类号: P426.6
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-17
- 网络出版日期: 2022-02-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-25

Variation Characteristics of Daytime/Nighttime Rainy Days of Different Magnitudes over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China over 60 Years

School of Atmosphere Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610225

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grants U20A2097, 41775079, 42075008)

摘要

摘要: 利用国家气象科学数据中心的青藏高原81个站和西南地区80个气象站点的逐日昼夜降水量资料，统计分析了1961～2020年60年来两个地区不同量级昼夜降雨日数及其差异的年变化、年际变化（趋势）特征。结果表明：（1）青藏高原和西南地区不同等级昼夜降水日数年变化都是在5月迅速增多，11月显著减少；两个地区的降雨日数昼夜差异大的月份均在5～10月，大雨和暴雨日数在5～10月的贡献更大，青藏高原暴雨日数占全年暴雨日数的85%以上、大雨占比90%以上，西南地区这两个量级降水占比分别为93%和86%；两个地区雨季夜间发生极端强降水（暴雨）的概率远大于白天。（2）两个地区雨季不同量级昼夜降水日数差异显著。三江源和青藏高原东南部昼夜都是小雨、中雨的频次多，大雨仅夜间在西藏东南部及三江源东侧发生较多；暴雨仅在青藏高原东部多发，夜间发生的站点明显多于白天。西南地区昼夜小雨和中雨发生率较高的地区包括川中区域、川西边缘山地和云南西南部；大雨在云南西南部白天易于发生，川中则是夜间易于发生；暴雨以上量级的典型多发区为四川中东部、重庆西部、贵州中南部。（3）两个区域雨季昼夜分等级降雨日数的年际变化总体趋势有明显的不同。青藏高原地区除了夜间小雨日数为显著减少外，其余的不同量级昼夜降雨日数都显著增加，夜间的增加趋势均大于白天，大雨和暴雨在夜间的增加趋势几乎是白天的2倍。与青藏高原不同的是，西南地区小量级降水（小雨—中雨—大雨）日数总体呈显著减少趋势，其中夜间的小雨日数减幅最大，为白昼的2倍左右；大量级降水（暴雨—大暴雨）日数则是相反的增加趋势，且夜间增加趋势大于白天。
- 青藏高原 /
- 西南地区 /
- 不同量级降水 /
- 昼/夜降雨日数 /
- 时空变化
Abstract: The daily daytime/nighttime precipitation data of 81 National Meteorological Science Data Center stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and 80 stations in Southwest China were used to statistically analyze the daytime/nighttime rainy days of different magnitudes, differences in this number in the two regions from 1961 to 2020, and interannual change (trend) characteristics. The results showed the following: (1) The number of daytime/nighttime rainy days of different magnitudes on the Tibetan Plateau and in Southwest China increased rapidly in May and decreased significantly in November; large differences in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days in the two regions were observed in May–October, and the number of heavy rain and rainstorm days was higher in May–October. The number of rainstorm days on the Tibetan Plateau accounted for ＞85% of the total number of rainstorm days in the year, heavy rain accounted for ＞90%, and the proportions of these two levels of precipitation were 93% and 86%, respectively, in Southwest China. The probability of extremely heavy precipitation (rainstorms) during the rainy season in both regions was substantially higher at night than during the day. (2) In addition to obvious regional differences in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days of different magnitudes in the two regions during the rainy season, very significant differences were observed between daytime and nighttime. The Three-Rivers Source region and the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau have frequent light and moderate rains during the day and night. Heavy rain occurs exclusively at night in southeastern Tibet and the east of the Three-Rivers Source region; rainstorms occur only in the east of the Tibetan Plateau, and there are visibly more sites receiving precipitation at night than during the day. Central Sichuan, western Sichuan marginal mountains, and southwestern Yunnan in Southwest China have a high incidence of daytime/nighttime light rain and moderate rain; heavy rain is more likely to occur during the day in southwestern Yunnan, whereas it is more likely to occur at night in central Sichuan. Typical areas with rainstorms are central and eastern Sichuan, western Chongqing, and central and southern Guizhou. (3) The overall trends of interannual changes in the number of rainy seasons in the rainy season are significantly different between daytime/nighttime-graded rain days. In the Tibetan Plateau, except for the significant decrease in the number of light rainy days at night, the rest of the rainy days of different magnitudes increased significantly during the daytime and nighttime, with the increasing trend at night being greater than that during the day, and the increasing trend of heavy rain and rainstorm at night was almost twice that of the day. Unlike the Tibetan Plateau, the number of days with light precipitation (light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain) decreased significantly in Southwest China. Among them, the number of light rainy days at night decreased the most, approximately twice as much as during the daytime; the number of days with heavy precipitation (rainstorm or torrential rain) increased in the opposite direction, and the increasing trend at night is greater than that during the daytime.
- Tibetan Plateau /
- Southwest China /
- Precipitation of different magnitudes /
- Daytime/nighttime rainy days /
- Spatio–temporal changes

HTML全文

图 1 青藏高原、西南地区研究区域站点分布及区域划分示意图（黑色圆点为青藏高原站点，红色圆点为西南地区站点）

Figure 1. Schematic of station distribution and area division in the study area of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Southwest China (the black dots represent the stations on the Tibetan Plateau, and the red dots represent the stations in Southwest China)

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图 2 1961～2020年平均青藏高原地区不同等级昼雨日数、夜雨日数站次累计年变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数之比：（a）小雨；（b）中雨；（c）大雨；（d）暴雨以上

Figure 2. Cumulative annual change in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days and the ratio of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different grades on the Tibetan Plateau from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

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图 3 1961～2020年平均西南地区不同等级昼雨日数、夜雨日数站次累计年变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数之比：（a）小雨；（b）中雨；（c）大雨；（d）暴雨以上

Figure 3. Cumulative annual change in the number of daytime/nighttime rainy days and the ratio of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different grades in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

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图 4 1961～2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季小雨—大雨不同等级年均昼夜降雨日数空间分布（单位：d/a）：（a）昼小雨日数；（b）夜小雨日数；（c）昼中雨日数；（d）夜中雨日数；（e）昼大雨日数；（f）夜大雨日数

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of annual averaged daytime/nighttime rainy days in the rainy season at different levels (light rain—heavy rain) (units: d/a) over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rainy days during the day; (b) light rainy days at night; (c) moderate rainy days during the day; (d) moderate rainy days in the night; (e) heavy rainy days during the day; (f) heavy rainy days at night

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图 5 1961～2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季暴雨—特大暴雨不同等级累计昼夜降雨日数空间分布（单位：d）：（a）昼暴雨日数；（b）夜暴雨日数；（c）昼大暴雨日数；（d）夜大暴雨日数；（e）昼特大暴雨日数；（f）夜特大暴雨日数

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of the cumulative number of daytime/nighttime rainy days (units: d) in the rainy season for different grades (rainstorm-extraordinary rainstorm) over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Rainstorm days during the day; (b) rainstorm days at night; (c) torrential rainy days during the day; (d) torrential rainy days at night; (e) extraordinary rainstorm days during the day; (f) extraordinary rainstorm days at night

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图 6 1961～2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季昼夜小雨—大雨日数的空间倾向率分布（单位：d/10 a，黑色标记表示通过95%置信度检验的站点）：（a）昼小雨日数；（b）夜小雨日数；（c）昼中雨日数；（d）夜中雨日数；（e）昼大雨日数；（f）夜大雨日数

Figure 6. Distribution of the spatial tendency rate of daytime/nighttime rainy days during the rainy season between light rain and heavy rain over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020 (the black marks are sites that pass the test at 95% confidence level, units: d/10 a): (a) Light rainy days during the day; (b) light rainy days at night; (c) moderate rainy days during the day; (d) moderate rainy days at night; (e) heavy rainy days during the day; (f) heavy rainy days at night

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图 7 1961～2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季昼夜暴雨—特大暴雨日数的空间倾向率分布（单位：d/10 a，黑色标记为通过95%置信度检验的站点）：（a）昼暴雨日数；（b）夜暴雨日数；（c）昼大暴雨日数；（d）夜大暴雨日数；（e）昼特大暴雨日数；（f）夜特大暴雨日数

Figure 7. Distribution of spatial tendency rate of daytime/nighttime rainstorm—extraordinarily heavy rainy days during the rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China from 1961 to 2020 (black marks are sites that pass the test at 95% confidence level, units: d/10 a): (a) Rainstorm days during the day; (b) rainstorm days at night; (c) torrential rain days during the day; (d) torrential rain days in the night; (e) extraordinary rainstorm days during the day; (f) extraordinary rainstorm days at night

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图 8 1961～2020年青藏高原雨季不同等级月平均昼雨、夜雨日数站次累计的年际变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数的比值（柱状图）：（a）小雨；（b）中雨；（c）大雨；（d）暴雨以上

Figure 8. Interannual variation in the cumulative number of monthly average rainy days and the ratio (black bars) of nighttime rainy days to daytime rainy days of different magnitudes during rainy season on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

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图 9 1961～2020年西南地区雨季不同等级月平均昼雨、夜雨日数站次累计的年际变化及夜雨日数与昼雨日数的比值：（a）小雨；（b）中雨；（c）大雨；（d）暴雨以上

Figure 9. Interannual variation of the cumulative number of monthly average rainy days and the ratio (black bars) of nighttime rainy days to the daytime rainy days of different magnitudes during the rainy season in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020: (a) Light rain; (b) moderate rain; (c) heavy rain; (d) rainstorm and more

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表 1 12 h降水总量等级划分

Table 1. Classification of 12-h total precipitation levels

降水强度等级	12 h降水总量/mm
小雨	≤4.9
中雨	5.0～14.9
大雨	15.0～29.9
暴雨	30.0～69.9
大暴雨	70.0～139.9
特大暴雨	≥140.0

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表 2 1961～2020年青藏高原不同等级昼夜降雨日数的气候倾向率站点数个数统计

Table 2. Statistics on the number of climatic tendency rate stations of different grades of daytime/nighttime rainy days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020

降水量级	站点数
	昼降雨日数趋势				夜降雨日数趋势
	增加	减少	显著增加	显著减少	增加	减少	显著增加	显著减少
小雨	35	46	13	14	31	50	11	25
中雨	63	18	24	0	62	19	16	3
大雨	56	23	10	1	48	33	12	0
暴雨	36	19	5	0	50	27	8	0
大暴雨	2	3	0	0	6	5	0	0
特大暴雨	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0

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表 3 1961～2020年西南地区不同等级昼夜降雨日数的气候倾向率站点个数统计

Table 3. Statistics on the number of climatic tendency rate stations of different grades of daytime/nighttime rainy days in Southwest China from 1961 to 2020

降水量级	站点数
	昼降雨日数趋势				昼降雨日数趋势
	增加	减少	显著增加	显著减少	增加	减少	显著增加	显著减少
小雨	2	78	0	55	0	80	0	65
中雨	18	62	1	21	9	71	0	13
大雨	33	47	1	7	28	50	0	5
暴雨	42	38	6	1	44	36	4	2
大暴雨	47	26	3	2	48	32	9	3
特大暴雨	11	10	0	0	26	25	0	0

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表 4 1961～2020年青藏高原和西南地区雨季分区不同等级月平均昼夜降雨日数站次累计的年际变化趋势

Table 4. Interannual variation trend of the cumulative number of stations with monthly average daytime/nighttime rainy days of different grades in the rainy season from 1961 to 2020

stations d/10 a
降水量级	青藏高原降雨日数站次累计的年际变化趋势		西南地区降雨日数站次累计的年际变化趋势
降水量级	昼雨	夜雨	昼雨	夜雨
小雨	4.67^*	－2.92	－19.85^*	－34.73^*
中雨	4.05^*	4.71^*	－4.26^*	－4.83^*
大雨	0.59^*	1.17^*	－0.80	－0.59
暴雨	0.14^*	0.30^*	0.39	0.58
*表示通过了95%的置信度检验。

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