Abstract: Upper-level aviation turbulence is triggered by turbulence in the free atmosphere. It is a major concern for aircraft operations. The turbulence over China shows an increasing trend under a warming climate. To better understand the sources and characteristics of the upper-level aviation turbulence over China, two sets of Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) were used to establish a one-year global turbulence observation dataset comprising the eddy dissipation rate (EDR) through quality controls and consistency processing. Based on aviation, FY-4A satellite observations, and ERA5 reanalysis, the spatial distribution, as well as the seasonal and diurnal variations of three types of upper-level aviation turbulence—clear-air turbulence (CAT), near-cloud turbulence (NCT), and convective-induced turbulence (CIT)—over China, were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the active zone of CAT tends to occur in the upper troposphere near the tropopause in the vertical direction. There are four active zones of NCT over China: eastern China, northern China, the South Sea, and Japan. The northern to eastern slopes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are regions with a high probability of NCT in western China. CIT is concentrated mainly over southern China. All three types of turbulences exhibit typical seasonal and diurnal variations. CAT is more common in the afternoon during winter and spring seasons, while NCT and CIT are more likely to occur in the morning during summertime.