Abstract: The Dabie Mountains region represents a high-frequency regime for short-duration heavy precipitation (SDHP) within the Yangtze–Huai River region. The ERA5 reanalysis dataset—the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts—together with hourly surface observational data, is employed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution, synoptic circulation patterns, and formation mechanisms of SDHP across different regions of the Dabie Mountains from May to August during 2011–2021. Three high-frequency SDHP regions are identified: the southwestern canyon area (southwestern type), the southeastern mountain–valley region (southeastern type), and the northern plain area (northern type). Monthly and diurnal variations of SDHP exhibit distinct characteristics among these regions. Higher-frequency and stronger-intensity SDHP occur during June–July for the southwestern type. The southeastern region experiences the highest frequency and maximum rainfall intensity in July, whereas the northern region reaches peak activity from July to August, consistent with the seasonal evolution of atmospheric circulation. The southwestern type shows higher frequency and intensity during the early morning hours, while the southeastern and northern regions display increasing activity from afternoon to evening. Synoptic analysis reveals distinctive circulation patterns for each type. For the southwestern type, an anomalously strong 500-hPa trough, a subtropical high extending toward the southeastern coastline of China, and a northward-shifted 850-hPa vortex characterize the pattern. For the southeastern type, the 500-hPa trough is most pronounced, accompanied by an eastward-displaced subtropical high and vortex. The northern type is characterized by the weakest trough and low-level vortex, with the subtropical high positioned farthest east. The southwestern type is primarily governed by orographic uplift over the warm-sector windward slopes, associated with the strongest southwesterly airflow and a northwestward-displaced front of pseudo-equivalent potential temperature. The southeastern type SDHP in July are mainly attributed to the frictional effects of boundary-layer southwesterly airflow and onshore mountain winds, transitioning in August to influences from a cold shear line and near-surface cold-air advection. In contrast, northern-type heavy rainfall is triggered by the lifting of near-surface cyclonic circulation in July and northeasterly winds in August over mountainous areas, where southwesterly flow is weakest. The southwestern type is modulated by diurnal variations of the low-level jet, whereas the southeastern and northern types are enhanced by solar radiation. This study highlights the distinct dynamical and thermodynamical processes governing heavy precipitation across different regions of the Dabie Mountains.