两次冬季罕见大冰雹超级单体风暴对比分析
Comparative Analysis of Two Rare Large Hail Supercells in Winter
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摘要: 利用再分析资料、自动站观测、闪电定位以及S波段双偏振雷达资料,对2024年2月21日和2025年3月3日两次浙江入春前发生的大冰雹超级单体进行分析,结果表明:两次过程均发生在寒潮冷锋南下的形势下,“24·2·21”发生在冷锋附近,对流由近地面冷锋触发并在对流不稳定层结条件下迅速发展,而“25·3·3”发生在冷锋后100 km,为冷锋之上的高架对流,对流-对称不稳定机制导致逆温层之上深厚对流发展。“24·2·21”初生风暴接地,“25·3·3”初生风暴在3km之上,而后向上向下发展,强回波顶发展高度更高。两次风暴成熟阶段均发展为超级单体风暴并降大冰雹,降雹过程伴随着风暴质心和中气旋最大切变高度的下降。“24·2·21”超级单体中层为双涡旋结构,“25·3·3”超级单体中层为单涡旋结构,且中气旋更深厚,切变更强。两次风暴低层均有ZDR弧,“24·2·21”风暴在融化层之上有明显的ZDR柱和KDP柱,多液态粒子,冰雹在上升气流中有明显湿增长,“25·3·3”风暴ZDR柱和KDP柱短,高层的云闪频次明显多于“24·2·21”风暴,高层冷云内固态粒子多,冰雹进入冷云内经历干增长。Abstract: Using reanalysis data, automatic stations, lightning positioning, and S-band dual-polarization radar data,? two large hail supercells that occurred in Zhejiang before the beginning of spring on February 21, 2024 and March 3, 2025 were analyzed. The results show that: Both processes happened under the circumstances where cold waves and cold fronts moved southward. "24·2·21" occurred near the surface cold front, and the convection was triggered by the cold front and developed rapidly in the convective unstable stratification. While "25·3·3" occurred 100 kilometers behind the cold front, which was an elevated convection above the cold front. The convection-symmetrical instability mechanism led to the development of deep convection above the inversion layer. The primary storm of "24·2·21" was grounded, but the primary storm of "25·3·3" was above 3 kilometers. Then it developed upwards and downwards, with the strong echo peak developing at a higher height. Both storms developed into supercells and dropped large hailstones during their mature stages. The process of hail dropping was accompanied by the decrease of the storm"s center of mass and the maximum shear height of the mesocyclone. A double-vortex structure was at the middle layer of the "24·2·21" supercell , while a single-vortex structure that of the "25·3·3" supercell , and the mesocyclone is deeper and stronger. Both storms had ZDR arc at the lower level. The "24·2·21" storm had obvious ZDR columns and KDP columns above the melting layer, with many liquid particles. Hail particles undergo significant wet growth in the updraft. The "25·3·3" storm had short ZDR columns and KDP columns, and the frequency of cloud flashes at the upper level was significantly higher than that of the "24·2·21" storm, with more solid particles in the cold clouds at the upper level. Hail enters the cold cloud and undergoes dry growth.
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