Abstract: During November 5–8, 2021, a cold wave severely affected China, during which a large scale of frontal clouds moved from west to east and south, affecting most parts of central and eastern China. Comparative analyses are performed on the microphysical characteristics of the clouds over the northern and southern parts of China under the influence of such a large-scale weather system. In this study, the distribution of supercooled liquid water and ice particle concentrations of the northern snowfall cloud during its developing stage and the southern rainfall cloud during its weakening stage are analyzed. This analysis was based on aircraft measurements combined with radar and precipitation data collected from Shanxi and Anhui provinces during November 6–7. During the early stage of system development, aircraft observations in Shanxi were based on the frontal precipitation stage, accompanied by rainfall and snowfall conversion. At this stage, the middle and upper layers were affected by the northwest airflow behind the cold front to form a cold layer, while the lower layer, at approximately 3 km below, remained warm due to southwest airflow. The corresponding cloud system had a high ice particle concentration of 10² L⁻¹ in a layer between −12°C and −8°C, whereas the layer between −6°C and −8°C was dominated by supercooled liquid water, with a maximum water content of 0.42 g m⁻³. In contrast, the cloud system observed in Anhui province was in the late stage of precipitation, as conducted by aircraft measurements, and the concentrations of ice particles were relatively low. Because of the limited uplift of the low-level water vapor, a small amount of unconsumed supercooled liquid water remained in the −10°C layer of the clouds, which was discontinuous with the lower cloud in the vertical direction.