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一次引发破纪录强风的超级单体涡旋对的演变特征观测分析

Observational Analysis of the Evolution Characteristics of a Super-Cell Vortex Pair That Triggered Record-Breaking Strong Wind

  • 摘要: 2025年6月15日浙江发生一次强对流大风过程,浙江绍兴禹溪站阵风极值达14级(41.7m/s),为绍兴地区所有测站有气象记录以来最强阵风。极端大风由强风暴中的超级单体诱发。本文基于多波段雷达资料,揭示了超级单体结构特征及极端大风成因。结果表明:超级单体有涡旋对结构,中气旋和中反气旋主要旋转气流来自前侧暖湿入流和中层后侧干冷入流。极端大风发生前,中低层存在气旋式中涡旋,中反气旋只出现在中层。极端大风发生时,随着反气旋式中涡旋向下伸展,低层出现由中气旋和中反气旋组成的涡旋对,中反气旋向下拉伸与后侧入流急流向下伸展有关,强烈蒸发冷却引起的低层水平涡度增长并扭曲为垂直涡度也有利于低层涡旋发展。后侧入流急流下伸导致的粒子强烈蒸发冷却效应配合加强的粒子负载作用使得下沉气流加速,同时,中层高动量空气在下沉气流中传输至近地面进一步加大水平风速,造成极端大风。后侧入流急流下伸至低层还可能导致站点风向迅速从偏东风逆转为偏西风。涡旋对垂直拉伸、速度切变增大和切变高度下降均可作为极端大风的前兆特征。中反气旋底高大部分时次高于中气旋,当中反气旋底部拉伸至1km之下时,极端大风触地。盆地地形对极端大风有重要影响:超级单体前侧辐合区与盆地气流辐合中心合并有利于风暴发展,前侧斜升气流和后侧下沉气流均加强,同时,双盆地叠加狭管效应进一步加速了站点风力。

     

    Abstract: A strong convective gale occurred in Zhejiang Province on June 15, 2025. The maximum gust at the Yuxi Station in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, reached level 14 (41.7 m·s-1), the strongest gust ever recorded in Shaoxing since meteorological records began. The extreme gale was induced by a supercell within the severe storm. Based on multi-band radar data, this paper reveals the structural characteristics of the supercell and the causes of the extreme gale. The results show that: The supercell had a vortex pair structure, in which the main rotational flows of the mesocyclone and mesoanticyclone originated from the forward-flank warm and moist inflow and the mid-level rear-flank dry and cold inflow, respectively. Prior to the occurrence of extreme high winds, a cyclonic mesovortex existed in the mid-low levels, while the mesoanticyclone appeared only in the mid-levels. During extreme high winds, as the anticyclonic mesovortex extended downward, a vortex pair consisting of the mesocyclone and mesoanticyclone emerged in the low levels. The downward stretching of the mesoanticyclone was related to the downward extension of the rear inflow jet. Meanwhile, the increase and tilting of low-level horizontal vorticity into vertical vorticity caused by intense evaporative cooling also favored the development of low-level vortices. The intense evaporative cooling of hydrometeors induced by the downward extension of the rear inflow jet, together with the enhanced particle loading effect, accelerated the downdraft. Simultaneously. mid-level high-momentum air was transported to the near-surface layer within the downdraft, further amplifying the horizontal wind speed. All of These factors collectively lead to extreme high winds. The downward extension of the rear inflow jet to the low level might cause the wind direction at the station to reverse rapidly from easterly to westerly. Vertical stretching of the vortex pair, increased speed shear, and decreased shear height can all serve as precursor characteristics of the extreme gale. The base height of the mesoanticyclone was mostly higher than that of the mesocyclone. When the base of the mesoanticyclone stretched below 1 km, the extreme gale made landfall. The basin terrain played a crucial role in the extreme gale: The merging of the supercell"s front convergence zone with the basin"s airflow convergence center was conducive to storm development, strengthening both the front upward airflow and the rear downward airflow. Meanwhile, the superposition of the double basins and the channel effect further accelerates the wind speed at the station.

     

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