Extreme Impacts of Four Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in China during the 2024 Peak Season

Extreme weather events have been identified as the top global risk for the upcoming decade, according to the Global Risk Report 2025. Between July and September 2024, four tropical cyclones with extreme characteristics made landfall in China, highlighting the potential impacts of climate change on tropical cyclone activity. Super Typhoon Gaemi made landfall in Taiwan and Fujian provinces, setting record-breaking daily rainfall at 14 meteorological stations in Jiangxi, Hunan, and Liaoning provinces. As the strongest typhoon to make landfall in China during autumn, Yagi maintained super typhoon intensity when making landfall in Hainan, Guangdong provinces in China, and Quang Ninh Province in Vietnam. Typhoon Bebinca and Tropical Storm Pulasan made consecutive landfalls in Shanghai within four days, with Bebinca being the strongest typhoon to strike Shanghai and Jiangsu Province since 1949. The World Weather Attribution report indicates that, due to climate change, rainfall events like those from Super Typhoon Gaemi have become more frequent, now occurring every 20 years in the northern Philippines, every 5 years in Taiwan Province, and every 100 years in Hunan Province. In Taiwan and Hunan provinces, climate change has increased rainfall by 14% and 9%, respectively. It is suggested that exploring how climate change influences the extreme events of landfalling typhoons is an important area for future research.