1984 Vol. 1, No. 2
Display Method:
1984, 1(2): 141-164.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678127
Abstract:
In this paper, the main scientific conclusions of a national wide project of heavy summer rainstorms are presented. The active role of the moisture in the large scale motion of the atmosphere is stressed when the water vapour is saturated. The concept of moist baroclinity is introduced, and moist baroclinic processes are studied. Theoretical results, i. e., moist solenoid, moist available potential energy, moist jet, moist baroclinic instability, etc. are presented. Some observational and numerically experimental results are also shown.
In this paper, the main scientific conclusions of a national wide project of heavy summer rainstorms are presented. The active role of the moisture in the large scale motion of the atmosphere is stressed when the water vapour is saturated. The concept of moist baroclinity is introduced, and moist baroclinic processes are studied. Theoretical results, i. e., moist solenoid, moist available potential energy, moist jet, moist baroclinic instability, etc. are presented. Some observational and numerically experimental results are also shown.
1984, 1(2): 150-178.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678128
Abstract:
On the basis of forward IR radiation transfer analyses for an atmosphere containing semi-transparent, non-black cirrus, parameterization equations are derived for the retrieval of the cloud optical depth and cloud temperature utilizing AVHRR 3.7 and 10.8 μum channels. The retrieval techniques developed involve the use of either dual-frequency or dual-scanning angle radiance observations. We show that the cloud optical depth and cloud temperature may be inferred successively from the observed brightness temperature differences using these two techniques. Numerical experiments anderror analyses demonstrate that the dual-frequency method is specifically appropriate for optically thin cirrus cases (τ <1). In case the optical depth of cirrus is close to 3, combination of dual-frequency and dual-scanning angle methods is shown to give reasonable accuracy for the cloud optical depth and temperature retrieval.
On the basis of forward IR radiation transfer analyses for an atmosphere containing semi-transparent, non-black cirrus, parameterization equations are derived for the retrieval of the cloud optical depth and cloud temperature utilizing AVHRR 3.7 and 10.8 μum channels. The retrieval techniques developed involve the use of either dual-frequency or dual-scanning angle radiance observations. We show that the cloud optical depth and cloud temperature may be inferred successively from the observed brightness temperature differences using these two techniques. Numerical experiments anderror analyses demonstrate that the dual-frequency method is specifically appropriate for optically thin cirrus cases (τ <1). In case the optical depth of cirrus is close to 3, combination of dual-frequency and dual-scanning angle methods is shown to give reasonable accuracy for the cloud optical depth and temperature retrieval.
1984, 1(2): 165-187.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678129
Abstract:
The water balance in C'hina is studied in this paper, which follows the papers on the radiation balance and the heat balance in China. Using the data from more than 200 meteorological stations for 1961-1970 and about 200 hydrometric stations bcforc1972, we, through the equation of water balance, have calculated the monthly and annual amounts of precipitation, evaporation, run-off and soil water variation. The water balance and the hydroclimatological characteristics of China arc given.
The water balance in C'hina is studied in this paper, which follows the papers on the radiation balance and the heat balance in China. Using the data from more than 200 meteorological stations for 1961-1970 and about 200 hydrometric stations bcforc1972, we, through the equation of water balance, have calculated the monthly and annual amounts of precipitation, evaporation, run-off and soil water variation. The water balance and the hydroclimatological characteristics of China arc given.
1984, 1(2): 179-198.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678130
Abstract:
In this paper the dependence of the ratio k (the atmospheric extinction-to-backscattering ratio) upon the aerosol refractive index and size distribution is theoretically studied in ruby lidar measurements. An empirical expression for the ratio k is then established. Moreover the effect of molecular scattering on the ratio k is discussed.
In this paper the dependence of the ratio k (the atmospheric extinction-to-backscattering ratio) upon the aerosol refractive index and size distribution is theoretically studied in ruby lidar measurements. An empirical expression for the ratio k is then established. Moreover the effect of molecular scattering on the ratio k is discussed.
1984, 1(2): 188-205.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678131
Abstract:
In part Ⅱ of this paper, the effeets of diabatic heating and the Tibetan Plateau on the seasonal transition of the general circulation over Asia is investigated. It is shown that the effect of differential heating mainly due to land-sea contrast dominates even fora medium time scale. The effect of the Plateau seems to reinforce but not radically change the basic features of the events.
In part Ⅱ of this paper, the effeets of diabatic heating and the Tibetan Plateau on the seasonal transition of the general circulation over Asia is investigated. It is shown that the effect of differential heating mainly due to land-sea contrast dominates even fora medium time scale. The effect of the Plateau seems to reinforce but not radically change the basic features of the events.
1984, 1(2): 199-213.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678132
Abstract:
By using an ageostrophie shallow water model, it is pointed out that a kind of lateral boundary meso-seales jet can be established near the plateau or coast. The charactcristie width of this kind of jet is proportional to the scale of Lc = L(?)C(?)(?),where Lo= Cof is the radius of Rossby deformation, Co= (y*H)the speed of gravity wave and g* the redueced gravity. In general, L(?) is of the order of one hundred kilometers and lens of kilometers in the atmosphere and in the ocean respectively. The large-scale gcostrophic current is an important background condition for forming this kind of jet. From this view point it seems that this kind of atmospheric meso-scale jet only occurs in late spring and summer in the eastern part of Asia, because there is a large-scale south monsoon over there. For the ocean, this kind of meso-scale jct seems to be a semi-persistant syslem and not to show a signilieanl seasonal variation, and it can be established on both sides of the ocean.
By using an ageostrophie shallow water model, it is pointed out that a kind of lateral boundary meso-seales jet can be established near the plateau or coast. The charactcristie width of this kind of jet is proportional to the scale of Lc = L(?)C(?)(?),where Lo= Cof is the radius of Rossby deformation, Co= (y*H)the speed of gravity wave and g* the redueced gravity. In general, L(?) is of the order of one hundred kilometers and lens of kilometers in the atmosphere and in the ocean respectively. The large-scale gcostrophic current is an important background condition for forming this kind of jet. From this view point it seems that this kind of atmospheric meso-scale jet only occurs in late spring and summer in the eastern part of Asia, because there is a large-scale south monsoon over there. For the ocean, this kind of meso-scale jct seems to be a semi-persistant syslem and not to show a signilieanl seasonal variation, and it can be established on both sides of the ocean.
1984, 1(2): 206-223.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678133
Abstract:
In this paper, the Chebyshev polynomials in irregular grids are used in the forecast of precipitation distribution over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River. This forecast method is available because it could be used in various kinds of original data.
In this paper, the Chebyshev polynomials in irregular grids are used in the forecast of precipitation distribution over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River. This forecast method is available because it could be used in various kinds of original data.
1984, 1(2): 214-233.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678134
Abstract:
A 5-layer primitive equation Northern Hemisphere operational model in a modified σ-coordinate system is developed in BMC, NMB. Finite difference schemes are constructed to conserve the total energy without imposing any constraints on the difference scheme of hydrostatic equation and pressure gradient term.The physical factors of orography, friction, horizontal diffusion and various non-adiabatic heatings are included.The model has been under development since the beginning of 1980, and became operational in September 1981. Preliminary results for selected series of 40 prognosis are summarized and the verifications are encouraging.
A 5-layer primitive equation Northern Hemisphere operational model in a modified σ-coordinate system is developed in BMC, NMB. Finite difference schemes are constructed to conserve the total energy without imposing any constraints on the difference scheme of hydrostatic equation and pressure gradient term.The physical factors of orography, friction, horizontal diffusion and various non-adiabatic heatings are included.The model has been under development since the beginning of 1980, and became operational in September 1981. Preliminary results for selected series of 40 prognosis are summarized and the verifications are encouraging.
1984, 1(2): 224-245.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678135
Abstract:
The Asian monsoon circulation system can be divided into two subsystems, i.e., the East Asian monsoon system(EA MS) and the Indian monsoon system (IMS). In this paper the main elements including the Indian monsoon trough, the South Asian high. the upper easterly jet etc. and the interactions between EAMS and IMS arc dealt with. The basic emphasis is put on the medium-range variations of the EAMS. Some significant results arc obtained.
The Asian monsoon circulation system can be divided into two subsystems, i.e., the East Asian monsoon system(EA MS) and the Indian monsoon system (IMS). In this paper the main elements including the Indian monsoon trough, the South Asian high. the upper easterly jet etc. and the interactions between EAMS and IMS arc dealt with. The basic emphasis is put on the medium-range variations of the EAMS. Some significant results arc obtained.
1984, 1(2): 234-255.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678136
Abstract:
A simplified two-dimensional energy balance climate model including the solar and infrared radiation transports, the turbulent exchanges of heat in vertical and horizontal directions and the ice caps-albedo feedback is developed The solutions show that if the atmosphere is considered as a grey body and the grey coefficient depends upon the distributions of absorption medium and cloudiness, both horizontal and vertical distributions of temperature are identical to the observation.On the other hand, comparing the models that the atmosphere is considered as a grey body with ones that the infrared radiation is parameterized as a linear function of temperature, as was considered by Budyko, Sellers(1969), then the results show that even though both of them can obtain the earth's surface temperature in agreement with the observation, the sensitiv ity of the climate to the changes of solar constant is very different. In the former case,the requirement for the ice edge to move southward from the normal 72°N to 50°N(i.e. where the glacial climate would take place) is that the solar constant should decrease by 13% to 16%. However, in the latter case, the climate is highly sensitive to the changes of solar radiation. In this case, the requirement of solar radiation occurring in the glacial climate should decrease by 2% to 6%. According to the investigations mentioned above we must be careful when the parameterizations of the radiation and other processes are conducted in a climate model, otherwise the reliability of the results is suspicious.
A simplified two-dimensional energy balance climate model including the solar and infrared radiation transports, the turbulent exchanges of heat in vertical and horizontal directions and the ice caps-albedo feedback is developed The solutions show that if the atmosphere is considered as a grey body and the grey coefficient depends upon the distributions of absorption medium and cloudiness, both horizontal and vertical distributions of temperature are identical to the observation.On the other hand, comparing the models that the atmosphere is considered as a grey body with ones that the infrared radiation is parameterized as a linear function of temperature, as was considered by Budyko, Sellers(1969), then the results show that even though both of them can obtain the earth's surface temperature in agreement with the observation, the sensitiv ity of the climate to the changes of solar constant is very different. In the former case,the requirement for the ice edge to move southward from the normal 72°N to 50°N(i.e. where the glacial climate would take place) is that the solar constant should decrease by 13% to 16%. However, in the latter case, the climate is highly sensitive to the changes of solar radiation. In this case, the requirement of solar radiation occurring in the glacial climate should decrease by 2% to 6%. According to the investigations mentioned above we must be careful when the parameterizations of the radiation and other processes are conducted in a climate model, otherwise the reliability of the results is suspicious.
1984, 1(2): 246-262.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678137
Abstract:
The effect of the overlapping band of atmospheric gases and its treatment on the calculation of flux and cooling rate due to the long wave radiation is investigated in detail by a new transmission model for overlapping bands, taking the 15 μm band of CO2 as an example. It is found that the presence of band overlapping has a quite significant influence on radiative fluxes and cooling rates in the upper stratosphere and the troposphere, in particular, at the earth's surface. However, in the middle-lower stratosphere, the overlapping effect appears to be insignificant. It is also shown that the usual wide-band transmission model treating the overlapping effect overestimates the net longwave fluxes in the lower stratosphere and, in particular, in the troposphere including the surface. But, in the middle-upper stratosphere, the contrary is the case.
The effect of the overlapping band of atmospheric gases and its treatment on the calculation of flux and cooling rate due to the long wave radiation is investigated in detail by a new transmission model for overlapping bands, taking the 15 μm band of CO2 as an example. It is found that the presence of band overlapping has a quite significant influence on radiative fluxes and cooling rates in the upper stratosphere and the troposphere, in particular, at the earth's surface. However, in the middle-lower stratosphere, the overlapping effect appears to be insignificant. It is also shown that the usual wide-band transmission model treating the overlapping effect overestimates the net longwave fluxes in the lower stratosphere and, in particular, in the troposphere including the surface. But, in the middle-upper stratosphere, the contrary is the case.
1984, 1(2): 256-276.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678138
Abstract:
The shearing basic current is introduced into the conditional instability of second kind (CISK) theory and the influence of the shearing basic current on the growth rate of the typhoon depression is investigated with a simple theoretic model in this paper.The vertical shearing basic current could restrain the CISK. It is in agreement with the tropospheric ventilating condition. The cyclonic shearing basic current in the lower troposphere makes an increase of the growth rate. It could explain the synoptic facts that the enhancement of the equatorial westerly or the southwest monsoon and the cold wave with moderate strength are conductive to the eneration and development of typhoons. The cyclonic (anticyclonic) shearing basic flow in the upper troposphere could make a decrease (an increase) of the growth rate. These agree with Simpson's conclusion.
The shearing basic current is introduced into the conditional instability of second kind (CISK) theory and the influence of the shearing basic current on the growth rate of the typhoon depression is investigated with a simple theoretic model in this paper.The vertical shearing basic current could restrain the CISK. It is in agreement with the tropospheric ventilating condition. The cyclonic shearing basic current in the lower troposphere makes an increase of the growth rate. It could explain the synoptic facts that the enhancement of the equatorial westerly or the southwest monsoon and the cold wave with moderate strength are conductive to the eneration and development of typhoons. The cyclonic (anticyclonic) shearing basic flow in the upper troposphere could make a decrease (an increase) of the growth rate. These agree with Simpson's conclusion.
1984, 1(2): 263-285.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678139
Abstract:
In this paper, four problems are discussed: (1) the monsoon circulation over southern Asia; (2) the seasonal variation of the general circulation of the atmosphere; (3) the influence of the monsoon on the rainfall in southwestern China; and (4) the source region of water vapor for the rainfall in the Changjiang valley.
In this paper, four problems are discussed: (1) the monsoon circulation over southern Asia; (2) the seasonal variation of the general circulation of the atmosphere; (3) the influence of the monsoon on the rainfall in southwestern China; and (4) the source region of water vapor for the rainfall in the Changjiang valley.
1984, 1(2)
doi: 10.1007/BF02678140
Abstract:
In this paper, the effects of clouds with different albedos at different altitudes as underlying surface on the photodissociation coefficients of oxygen and ozone in the turbid atmosphere, where the multi-scattering of molecules and aerosols is considered, have been investigated. In addition, the effects of doubling the ozone concentration in the tropopausc due to the atmospheric motion on the photodissociation coefficients of ozone and oxygen are also studied.
In this paper, the effects of clouds with different albedos at different altitudes as underlying surface on the photodissociation coefficients of oxygen and ozone in the turbid atmosphere, where the multi-scattering of molecules and aerosols is considered, have been investigated. In addition, the effects of doubling the ozone concentration in the tropopausc due to the atmospheric motion on the photodissociation coefficients of ozone and oxygen are also studied.
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