1985 Vol. 2, No. 3
Display Method:
1985, 2(3): 282-294.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677244
Abstract:
Heavy rain (HR) or even exceptional heavy rain (EHR) usually takes place during the first flood season in South China in every April-June. In spring, cold air coming from north often brings about a normal HR over a large area in South China. However, EHR is mainly caused by tropical weather systems, the warm moist SW current from the Bay of Bengal-southern/central parts of the South China Sea,as well as the warm moist SE current from the NW Pacific Ocean. Investigations show that the fields cf flow and moisture in the lower troposphere play a more important role in HR rather than the potential height-temperature field. The ageostrophy and pulsation of SW jet stream in lower level have a distinct effect on the occurrence of HR and its non-uniform distribution in time-space. The sea/land breeze effect is obvious in South China. This is one of the important causes for very heavy rain to easily occur in South China and the different time of rain peak between coastal and interior regions.
Heavy rain (HR) or even exceptional heavy rain (EHR) usually takes place during the first flood season in South China in every April-June. In spring, cold air coming from north often brings about a normal HR over a large area in South China. However, EHR is mainly caused by tropical weather systems, the warm moist SW current from the Bay of Bengal-southern/central parts of the South China Sea,as well as the warm moist SE current from the NW Pacific Ocean. Investigations show that the fields cf flow and moisture in the lower troposphere play a more important role in HR rather than the potential height-temperature field. The ageostrophy and pulsation of SW jet stream in lower level have a distinct effect on the occurrence of HR and its non-uniform distribution in time-space. The sea/land breeze effect is obvious in South China. This is one of the important causes for very heavy rain to easily occur in South China and the different time of rain peak between coastal and interior regions.
1985, 2(3): 295-306.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677245
Abstract:
By using a linear oceanic mixed layer model, the influences of the horizontal gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) and the depth variations of the mixed layer upon tropical oceanic waves are investigated. The equatorial Rossby wave will be modified and a kind of slower thermal wave has been revealed under the influences of inhomogeneities of large-scale sea temperature field. An interesting result is that the propagating direction of the thermal wave is opposite to that of the classical Rossby wave. The result also shows that the thermal wave becomes dominant when the meridional gradient of sea temperature in the mixed layer exceeds a critical value. As a first approximation, it seems that both waves obtained by this study may be used to explain the observational facts that the SST anomalies can usually propagate in both directions, that is, eastward and westward, during the El Nino events.
By using a linear oceanic mixed layer model, the influences of the horizontal gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) and the depth variations of the mixed layer upon tropical oceanic waves are investigated. The equatorial Rossby wave will be modified and a kind of slower thermal wave has been revealed under the influences of inhomogeneities of large-scale sea temperature field. An interesting result is that the propagating direction of the thermal wave is opposite to that of the classical Rossby wave. The result also shows that the thermal wave becomes dominant when the meridional gradient of sea temperature in the mixed layer exceeds a critical value. As a first approximation, it seems that both waves obtained by this study may be used to explain the observational facts that the SST anomalies can usually propagate in both directions, that is, eastward and westward, during the El Nino events.
1985, 2(3): 307-315.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677246
Abstract:
Combined observations of solar spectral extinction and forward angular scattering are presented. The atmospheric columnar aerosol size distributions in Beijing are retrieved from observed data and the characteristics discussed.
Combined observations of solar spectral extinction and forward angular scattering are presented. The atmospheric columnar aerosol size distributions in Beijing are retrieved from observed data and the characteristics discussed.
1985, 2(3): 316-324.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677247
Abstract:
Considering the observational error, the truncation error and the requirements of numerical weather prediction, three formulas for determining the distance between two adjacent stations d1, the observational vertical increment △p1 and the observational time interval △t1 in optimum sense, have been derived. Since they depend on the shortest wavelength concerned and the ratio of maximum observational error to wave amplitude, the results are quite different for different scale systems.For the filtered model the values of d1, △p1,, and △t1 in general come near those required in the MANUAL on the GOS published in 1980 by WMO. But for the primitive equation model the estimated value of △t1 is much less than those required in the filtered model case.Therefore, it is improper to study the fast moving and developing processes of the atmospheric motion only on the basis of the conventional observations. It seems to be necessary to establish an optimum composite observational system including the surface-based system and the space-based system.
Considering the observational error, the truncation error and the requirements of numerical weather prediction, three formulas for determining the distance between two adjacent stations d1, the observational vertical increment △p1 and the observational time interval △t1 in optimum sense, have been derived. Since they depend on the shortest wavelength concerned and the ratio of maximum observational error to wave amplitude, the results are quite different for different scale systems.For the filtered model the values of d1, △p1,, and △t1 in general come near those required in the MANUAL on the GOS published in 1980 by WMO. But for the primitive equation model the estimated value of △t1 is much less than those required in the filtered model case.Therefore, it is improper to study the fast moving and developing processes of the atmospheric motion only on the basis of the conventional observations. It seems to be necessary to establish an optimum composite observational system including the surface-based system and the space-based system.
1985, 2(3): 325-333.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677248
Abstract:
This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper. In this paper, we investigate the stability and the representativeness of the rainfall rate h determined by the B2*-h relationship in the scintillation method of remote sensing of rain parameters, develop an adequate scheme for retrieving rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD), and finally characterize the technique by numerical simulations. The results show that the B2*-h relationship is quite stable for all the raindrop size distributions used in present simulations; the measured rainfall rate is not severely affected by the distribution of the path-weighting function of B2*. The retrieving of DSDs is successful even if the observation errors are assumed in simulations. The rainfall rates derived from the ratrieving of DSD is more accurate than those determined by B2*-h relationship. This method is superior in heavier rains.
This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper. In this paper, we investigate the stability and the representativeness of the rainfall rate h determined by the B2*-h relationship in the scintillation method of remote sensing of rain parameters, develop an adequate scheme for retrieving rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD), and finally characterize the technique by numerical simulations. The results show that the B2*-h relationship is quite stable for all the raindrop size distributions used in present simulations; the measured rainfall rate is not severely affected by the distribution of the path-weighting function of B2*. The retrieving of DSDs is successful even if the observation errors are assumed in simulations. The rainfall rates derived from the ratrieving of DSD is more accurate than those determined by B2*-h relationship. This method is superior in heavier rains.
1985, 2(3): 334-340.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677249
Abstract:
It is shown that the medium scale cloud cluster is u major one of precipitation systems from analysing the rainstorms along the Changjiang River during the plum rain period of 1980-1983. The medium-scale cloud clusters do not always correspond to the moving vortex, but they are in good agreement with the convergence center for the divergent component of wind at 850 hPa. The favourable environmental conditions for the genesis and development of medium-scale cloud cluster, such as the large-scale circulation situation, patterns of temperature and moisture, potential instability, and the structure of cloud cluster are given. A model on large seaie clond pattern for the genesis of medium scale cloud cluster is presented.
It is shown that the medium scale cloud cluster is u major one of precipitation systems from analysing the rainstorms along the Changjiang River during the plum rain period of 1980-1983. The medium-scale cloud clusters do not always correspond to the moving vortex, but they are in good agreement with the convergence center for the divergent component of wind at 850 hPa. The favourable environmental conditions for the genesis and development of medium-scale cloud cluster, such as the large-scale circulation situation, patterns of temperature and moisture, potential instability, and the structure of cloud cluster are given. A model on large seaie clond pattern for the genesis of medium scale cloud cluster is presented.
PRINCIPAL STUDY OF THE FM RADAR FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURACY IN QUANTITATIVE RAINFALL RATE MEASUREMENT
1985, 2(3): 341-346.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677250
Abstract:
The equations for estimating the rain echo power when FM-pulsed radar or FM-CW radar is used are derived. The results show that, with adequate frequency range selected, rain echo power may have a well-linear correlation with the rainfall rate, irrespective of the pattern of drop-size spectrum. Thus, it provides good remote sensing data for rainfall rate measurement.
The equations for estimating the rain echo power when FM-pulsed radar or FM-CW radar is used are derived. The results show that, with adequate frequency range selected, rain echo power may have a well-linear correlation with the rainfall rate, irrespective of the pattern of drop-size spectrum. Thus, it provides good remote sensing data for rainfall rate measurement.
1985, 2(3): 347-358.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677251
Abstract:
It is shown by observational data and synoptic analysis that the development of strong convective echo is influenced by the horizontally non-uniform heating, such as the one caused by lake-land distribution. In this paper, a simple linear cell-convection model is established using an appropriate heating field, and the instability of heating convection is theoretically studied. It is found that the heating convection development will be unstable if the heating-caused temperature gradient dT0/dy is greater than the critical value (dT0/dy)c which is approximately 0.64℃/10 km, and that the development of convective band has a preferred width of 12.5 km. It will take 25 min for the initial disturbance to increase intensity by 10 times. All these results are in rather good agreement with the squall line process in the lake-land region of Jiangsu Province on June 8, 1979.
It is shown by observational data and synoptic analysis that the development of strong convective echo is influenced by the horizontally non-uniform heating, such as the one caused by lake-land distribution. In this paper, a simple linear cell-convection model is established using an appropriate heating field, and the instability of heating convection is theoretically studied. It is found that the heating convection development will be unstable if the heating-caused temperature gradient dT0/dy is greater than the critical value (dT0/dy)c which is approximately 0.64℃/10 km, and that the development of convective band has a preferred width of 12.5 km. It will take 25 min for the initial disturbance to increase intensity by 10 times. All these results are in rather good agreement with the squall line process in the lake-land region of Jiangsu Province on June 8, 1979.
1985, 2(3): 359-367.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677252
Abstract:
By using a two-level, highly truncated spectral model,the equilibrium states of ultra-long waves induced by topographic and thermal forcing are obtained, and the instabilities of the states are studied. It is found that there exist some stable equilibrium states possessing typical characteristics of blocking situation. Some inferences about the dynamic mechanism of blocking phenomenon are deduced since the solutions are analytically obtained.
By using a two-level, highly truncated spectral model,the equilibrium states of ultra-long waves induced by topographic and thermal forcing are obtained, and the instabilities of the states are studied. It is found that there exist some stable equilibrium states possessing typical characteristics of blocking situation. Some inferences about the dynamic mechanism of blocking phenomenon are deduced since the solutions are analytically obtained.
1985, 2(3): 368-375.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677253
Abstract:
Decadal rainfall data of 228 stations in 1951-1970 and upper-wind records in 1960-1969 published by the Central Meteorological Bureau and relevant provincial organizations are employed in the analysis. It is found that the characteristic features of seasonal variation of the main rain-belts over eastern China to the east of 105°F are quite different from those to the west, over the Qinghai-Xi?hang (Tibetan) Plateau. The eastern rain-belts are closely related to the low level flow convergence lines and significantly influenced by the south Asian high and the western Pacific subtropical high.
Decadal rainfall data of 228 stations in 1951-1970 and upper-wind records in 1960-1969 published by the Central Meteorological Bureau and relevant provincial organizations are employed in the analysis. It is found that the characteristic features of seasonal variation of the main rain-belts over eastern China to the east of 105°F are quite different from those to the west, over the Qinghai-Xi?hang (Tibetan) Plateau. The eastern rain-belts are closely related to the low level flow convergence lines and significantly influenced by the south Asian high and the western Pacific subtropical high.
1985, 2(3): 376-384.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677254
Abstract:
Using data of 850 hPa pentadal mean θsp and composite wind fields in East China, characteristics of the mean circulation are examined with summer monsoon (SM) stabilized over the Changjiang middle and lower reaches (CMLR). The onset of steady SW monsoon consistent over the CMLR is marked by a considerable northward jump of the pentadal position of the 340 K θSe isoline. This is considered as a seasonal change-over of South-China SM in its northward movement. Moreover, it is found that, when low-level SM becomes stabilized over the CMLR, an evident northward shift occurs of the high-level jet center along 115@E, indicating a certain relation between the seasonal variation of the East-Asian circulation pattern in early summer and the steadiness of SM in the CMLR.
Using data of 850 hPa pentadal mean θsp and composite wind fields in East China, characteristics of the mean circulation are examined with summer monsoon (SM) stabilized over the Changjiang middle and lower reaches (CMLR). The onset of steady SW monsoon consistent over the CMLR is marked by a considerable northward jump of the pentadal position of the 340 K θSe isoline. This is considered as a seasonal change-over of South-China SM in its northward movement. Moreover, it is found that, when low-level SM becomes stabilized over the CMLR, an evident northward shift occurs of the high-level jet center along 115@E, indicating a certain relation between the seasonal variation of the East-Asian circulation pattern in early summer and the steadiness of SM in the CMLR.
1985, 2(3): 385-401.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677255
Abstract:
By use of Chebyshev polynomial, a new method is proposed for predicting time series. It is found to be of greater accuracy, easy and convenient for use with operation run either by computer or by hand. Predicting formulae are shown with estimates of the error. In addition, calculated cases are given to show the fidelity with this method.
By use of Chebyshev polynomial, a new method is proposed for predicting time series. It is found to be of greater accuracy, easy and convenient for use with operation run either by computer or by hand. Predicting formulae are shown with estimates of the error. In addition, calculated cases are given to show the fidelity with this method.
1985, 2(3): 402-413.
doi: 10.1007/BF02677256
Abstract:
A closed system of equations describing an asymmetric disturbance in cylindrical geometry is expanded about a small parameter. The small parameter describes the ratio of the magnitude of divergence in the boundary layer to that above that layer. A low order system describes a gradient wind balance in the radial direction and is quasi-symmetric with respect to the pressure and temperature fields. This system can be solved as an inverse problem for a mature steady state hurricane. The procedure entails asking the questions what structure and heating distributions are required to maintain a given asymmetric distribution of the tangential velocity (i. e. the angular momentum) in steady state. The method of characteristics enables us to solve for the vertical motion. That in turn determines the radial motion from the mass continuity equation. Application of the hydrostatics to the cylindrical thermal wind equation determines the pressure and the thermal fields and finally the required heating fields are deduced from the first law. This entire system of inverse dynamics is linear although no nonlinear terms are dropped from the original direct set of equations. The real data applications of this procedure will be described in part II (to be published in the next issue).
A closed system of equations describing an asymmetric disturbance in cylindrical geometry is expanded about a small parameter. The small parameter describes the ratio of the magnitude of divergence in the boundary layer to that above that layer. A low order system describes a gradient wind balance in the radial direction and is quasi-symmetric with respect to the pressure and temperature fields. This system can be solved as an inverse problem for a mature steady state hurricane. The procedure entails asking the questions what structure and heating distributions are required to maintain a given asymmetric distribution of the tangential velocity (i. e. the angular momentum) in steady state. The method of characteristics enables us to solve for the vertical motion. That in turn determines the radial motion from the mass continuity equation. Application of the hydrostatics to the cylindrical thermal wind equation determines the pressure and the thermal fields and finally the required heating fields are deduced from the first law. This entire system of inverse dynamics is linear although no nonlinear terms are dropped from the original direct set of equations. The real data applications of this procedure will be described in part II (to be published in the next issue).
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