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Volume 18 Issue 5

Sep.  2001

Article Contents
Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 2001 >  18(5): 674-691

On the ENSO Mechanisms

  • 1.

    Physical Oceanography Division, NO AA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida, U. S. A.

  • The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Paci fic Ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillatory nature of ENSO requires both positive and negative ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. The positive feedback is dated back to Bjerknes＇ hypothesis in the 1960s, and different negative feedbacks have been proposed since the 1980s associated with the delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflective oscillator. The de layed oscillator assumes that wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes equatorial wind in the western Pacific that provides a negative feedback for the coupled system. The recharge-discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective-re flective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. All of these physics are summarized in a unified ENSO oscillator. The de layed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflec tive oscillator can be extracted as special cases of the unified oscillator. As suggested by this unified oscillator, all of the previous ENSO oscillator mechanisms may be operating in nature.
  • [1] WANG Huijun, FAN Ke, SUN Jianqi, LI Shuanglin, LIN Zhaohui, ZHOU Guangqing, CHEN Lijuan, LANG Xianmei, LI Fang, ZHU Yali, CHEN Hong, ZHENG Fei, 2015: A Review of Seasonal Climate Prediction Research in China, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 149-168.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-0016-7
    [2] Vladimir A. Lobanov, 2001: Empirical-Statistical Methodology and Methods for Modeling and Forecasting of Climate Variability of Different Temporal Scales, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 18, 844-863.
    [3] Igor Oliveira RIBEIRO, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de SOUZA, Rita Valèria ANDREOLI, Mary Toshie KAYANO, Patrícia dos Santos COSTA, 2016: Spatiotemporal Variability of Methane over the Amazon from Satellite Observations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 33, 852-864.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-5138-7
    [4] Yong-Hoon YOUN, 2005: The Climate Variabilities of Air Temperature Around the Korean Peninsula, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 22, 575-584.  doi: 10.1007/BF02918489
    [5] CAO Jian, Bin WANG, Baoqiang XIANG, Juan LI, WU Tianjie, Xiouhua FU, WU Liguang, MIN Jinzhong, 2015: Major Modes of Short-Term Climate Variability in the Newly Developed NUIST Earth System Model (NESM), ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 585-600.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-4200-6
    [6] Wang Huijun, 1999: A Preliminary Study on the Polar Climate Predictability, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 16, 361-366.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-999-0015-2
    [7] Enda ZHU, Xing YUAN, 2021: Global Freshwater Storage Capability across Time Scales in the GRACE Satellite Era, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 905-917.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-0222-z
    [8] Chunzai WANG, Yulong YAO, Haili WANG, Xiubao SUN, Jiayu ZHENG, 2021: The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 896-904.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-1094-y
    [9] ZHANG Rong-Hua, ZHENG Fei, PEI Yuhua, ZHENG Quanan, WANG Zhanggui, 2012: Modulation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation by Freshwater Flux and Salinity Variability in the Tropical Pacific, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 647-660.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1235-4
    [10] Fu Congbin, Dong Dongfeng, Ralph Slutz, Joseph Fletcher, 1988: EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION SIGNALS IN THE GLOBAL TROPICAL OCEAN, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 5, 35-46.  doi: 10.1007/BF02657344
    [11] Yu Yongqiang, Guo Yufu, 1995: The Interannual Variability of Climate in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 12, 273-288.  doi: 10.1007/BF02656977
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    [14] Junya HU, Rong-Hua ZHANG, Chuan GAO, 2019: A Hybrid Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model and Its Simulation of ENSO and Atmospheric Responses, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 36, 643-657.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-019-8197-8
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    [17] Boyin HUANG, ZHU Jiang, YANG Haijun, 2014: Mechanisms of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) Variability in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 241-251.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3021-3
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 10 September 2001
    Manuscript revised: 10 September 2001
    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    On the ENSO Mechanisms

    • 1. Physical Oceanography Division, NO AA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida, U. S. A.
    • Manuscript received: 2001-09-10
    • Manuscript revised: 2001-09-10

    Abstract: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Paci fic Ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillatory nature of ENSO requires both positive and negative ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. The positive feedback is dated back to Bjerknes＇ hypothesis in the 1960s, and different negative feedbacks have been proposed since the 1980s associated with the delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflective oscillator. The de layed oscillator assumes that wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes equatorial wind in the western Pacific that provides a negative feedback for the coupled system. The recharge-discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective-re flective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. All of these physics are summarized in a unified ENSO oscillator. The de layed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflec tive oscillator can be extracted as special cases of the unified oscillator. As suggested by this unified oscillator, all of the previous ENSO oscillator mechanisms may be operating in nature.

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