Abstract: The Dabie Mountains region represents a high-frequency regime for Short-Duration Heavy Precipitation (SDHP) within the Yangtze-Huai River region. The ERA5 reanalysis dataset—the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)—along with hourly surface observational data, are employed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution, synoptic circulation patterns, and formation mechanisms of SDHP across different regions of the Dabie Mountains from May to August during 2011–2021. It is demonstrated that there are three high-frequency SDHP regions, located in the southwestern canyon area (southwestern type), the southeastern mountain-valley region (southeastern type), and the northern plain area (northern type), respectively. The monthly and diurnal variations of SDHP exhibit distinct characteristics among the three types. Higher-frequency and stronger-intensity rainfall events occur in June–July for the southwestern type. The southeastern region exhibits the highest frequency and maximum rainfall intensity in July, whereas the northern region experiences peak activity from July to August, consistent with the seasonal evolution of atmospheric circulation. The southwestern type of rainfall shows higher frequency and intensity during the early morning hours, while the southeastern and northern regions display increasing activity from the afternoon to evening. Synoptic analysis reveals distinct characteristics among the three types. For the southwestern type, the 500-hPa trough is anomalously strong, with the subtropical high extending toward the southeastern coastline of China, and the 850-hPa vortex located further north. For the southeastern type, the 500-hPa trough is most pronounced, accompanied by an eastward-displaced subtropical high and vortex. The northern type of rainfall is characterized by the weakest trough and low-level vortex, as well as the easternmost position of the subtropical high. The southwestern type is primarily governed by orographic uplift over the warm-sector windward slopes, associated with the strongest southwesterly airflow and a northwestward-displaced front. The southeastern type of rainfall events in July are mainly attributed to the frictional effects of boundary-layer southwesterly airflow and onshore mountain winds, with a transition in August to influences from a cold shear line and near-surface cold air advection. In contrast, the northern type of rainfall is triggered by the lifting of near-surface cyclonic circulation in July and northeasterly winds in August over mountainous areas, where the southwesterly flow is weakest. The southwestern type of rainfall is modulated by diurnal variations of the low-level jet, whereas the southeastern and northern types are enhanced by solar radiation heating. This study highlights the distinct dynamical and thermodynamical processes that govern heavy precipitation across different regions of the Dabie Mountains.