Abstract: The ecological environment of inland river basins in arid areas is fragile and sensitive to climate change and where groundwater is a key factor to maintain the stability of the ecosystem. Driven by climate change and human activities such as Inter-basin water transfer irrigation, crop planting, and groundwater exploitation, the amount of water resources that can be renewed and used decreases and the groundwater level continues to decline, and the contradiction between production, living and ecological water use is prominent. To summarize the research progress on groundwater cycle evolution and ecological effects at the basin scale in arid areas, it is urgent to study groundwater cycle and its climate and ecological environmental effects in three aspects of analysis, simulation and prediction, to deeply understand the driving mechanism of groundwater cycle evolution and its mechanism in arid region ecosystems, and to develop land surface ecohydrological model and climate model systems. From the perspective of the coupling system of river runoff and vegetation interaction, the impact of human activities on groundwater hydrology and ecosystem processes was quantitatively evaluated, and the interaction mechanism between groundwater cycle and ecosystem was revealed. Combined with the groundwater ecological function evaluation model, the early warning threshold of groundwater ecological function was determined, and the multi-objective management optimization model of water resources regulation and control in the basin was used to regulate groundwater resources, and the restoration scheme of natural oasis under the changed environment was proposed. This study is of great significance and value for improving the understanding of the coupling relationship between groundwater cycle evolution and ecological multi-process, improving the management of groundwater resources in arid areas, and promoting the healthy development of ecological environment.