“碧利斯”（2006）暴雨过程降水强度和降水效率分析

刘圣楠; 崔晓鹏

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1704.17148

“碧利斯”（2006）暴雨过程降水强度和降水效率分析

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1704.17148

刘圣楠^{1, 2,},
崔晓鹏^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
中国科学院大气物理研究所云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室, 北京 100029
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.
南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京 210044

基金项目:

国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目 2015CB452804

国家自然科学基金项目 41175056

详细信息

作者简介:
刘圣楠, 女, 1992年出生, 硕士研究生, 主要从事热带气旋暴雨过程研究。E-mail:liushengnan@mail.iap.ac.cn

通讯作者:
崔晓鹏, E-mail:xpcui@mail.iap.ac.cn

中图分类号: P444
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-04-21
- 网络出版日期: 2017-04-25
- 刊出日期: 2018-01-15

Diagnostic Analysis of Rate and Efficiency of Torrential Rainfall Associated with Bilis (2006)

Shengnan LIU^{1, 2
,},
Xiaopeng CUI^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3.
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044

Funds:

National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) 2015CB452804

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41175056

摘要

摘要: 利用2006年第4号强热带风暴“碧利斯”登陆过程的高分辨率数值模拟资料，结合三维地面降水诊断方程和降水效率公式，研究了“碧利斯”登陆后引发的局地暴雨过程，重点分析了此次局地暴雨过程的降水强度和降水效率及其与宏微观物理因子的联系。结果表明，降水强度越强，降水效率越高，但两者并非一一对应的线性关系，随着降水强度增大，降水效率增高的趋势逐渐变缓；伴随暴雨系统快速发展，降水强度和降水效率均显著增强，而主要降水源/汇项的时间变化要复杂得多；暴雨发生前时段与发生时段降水物理过程存在显著差异，发生前，较明显的水汽辐合显著加湿局地大气，并通过微物理转化支持降水云系发展，液相水凝物辐合对降水云系快速发展贡献明显，固相水凝物辐合贡献不显著，较强的“云滴与雨滴碰并（P_racw）”微物理过程同液相水凝物明显辐合可能有直接关系，“霰融化造成雨滴增长（P_gmlt）”仅为P_racw的27%，发生时段，进一步明显加强的水汽辐合依旧是主要降水来源，而汇项发生了明显变化，同时，微物理转化过程与发生前比更活跃，尤其是P_racw和P_gmlt，其中，P_gmlt增强更明显，其值接近P_racw的50%。
- 降水强度 /
- 降水效率 /
- 局地暴雨过程 /
- 登陆热带气旋
Abstract: By using high-resolution simulation data of Bilis (0604) and three-dimensional surface precipitation and precipitation efficiency (L_SPE) equations, precipitation rate (P_s) and L_SPE as well as their relations to macroscopic and microphysical factors were analyzed.The results show that L_SPE increases with P_s, but the relationship between them is not linear with one-to-one correspondence.With increased P_s, the increasing tendency of L_SPE slowed down gradually.Following the rapid development of the torrential rainfall system, both P_s and L_SPE increased distinctly, while temporal changes in the main source/sink terms of the surface rainfall were much more complicated.Physical processes associated with surface rainfall before the occurrence of the torrential rainfall differed a lot from those associated with the torrential rainfall.Before the occurrence, the water vapor convergence mainly moistened the local atmospheric column and also partially contributed to the development of the rainfall cloud system through microphysical processes.The convergence of liquid-phase hydrometeors contributed more to the rapid development of the rainfall cloud system compared to ice-phase hydrometeors.The strong microphysical process, i.e. "accretion of cloud water by rainwater (P_racw)", may be directly related to the distinct convergence of liquid-phase hydrometeors.The ratio of the microphysical processes, i.e. "melting of graupel (P_gmlt)" to P_racw, was about 27%.During the heavy rainfall period, the distinctly enhanced moisture convergence was still the primary water vapor source for surface rainfall, but the sink terms for surface rainfall changed a lot.Meanwhile, microphysical conversion processes became more vigorous, especially P_racw and P_gmlt.The ratio of P_gmlt to P_racw was nearly 50%.
- Surface rain rate /
- Precipitation efficiency /
- Local heavy precipitation event /
- Landfalling tropical cyclone

HTML全文

图 1 （a）观测和（b）D02及（c）D03区域模拟的12小时（2006年7月14日18时至15日06时）累积降水量（单位：mm）。红色框所示区域为本文重点关注的局地暴雨区

Figure 1. (a) Observed and simulated (b: D02, c: D03) 12-h (from 1800 UTC 14 July to 0600 UTC 15 July 2006) accumulated precipitation (units: mm). The red rectangular boxes indicate the local heavy rainfall region, which is the main study area of the present paper

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图 2 D03区域模拟的2006年7月14日13时至15日06时局地暴雨区（图 1中红框所示区域）P_s（小时降水强度）和L_SPE（大尺度降水效率）关系盒须图。盒子最高点代表 75%分位数，最低点代表 25%分位数，盒子里的黑色实线和实心圆点分别代表中位数和平均值

Figure 2. Box plot of the relation between simulated (D03) P_s (Hourly precipitation rate) and L_SPE (Large-scale precipitation efficiency) in the local heavy rainfall region (indicated by the red rectangular box in Fig. 1) from 1300 UTC 14 July to 0600 UTC 15 July 2006. The uppermost borders of boxes denote the 75% percentile and the lowermost borders denote the 25% percentile; medians and mean values denoted by short black solid lines in boxes and solid dots, respectively

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图 3 同图 2，但为Q_WVA（垂直积分的三维水汽通量辐合/辐散率）、垂直积分的对流有效位能（C_APE）和C_R（固相水凝物/液相水凝物）与P_s（左）和L_SPE（右）的关系盒须图

Figure 3. As in Fig. 2, but for the relations between Q_WVA (vertically integrated 3D flux convergence/divergence rate of moisture), C_APE (vertically-integrated convective available potential energy), C_R (ratio of ice-phase to liquid-phase hydrometeors) and P_s (left), L_SPE (right)

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图 4 同图 2，但为垂直积分的P_racw和P_gmlt与P_s和L_SPE的关系盒须图

Figure 4. As in Fig. 2, but for the relations between vertically-integrated P_racw (accretion of cloud water by rainwater)/P_gmlt (melting of graupel) and P_sL_SPE

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图 5 同图 2，但为（a1、a2）Q_WVL、（b1、b2）Q_CLL、（c1、c2）Q_CLA、（d1、d2）Q_CIL和（e1、e2）Q_CIA与P_s和L_SPE的关系盒须图

Figure 5. As in Fig. 2, but for the relations between (a1, a2) Q_WVL (vertically integrated negative local change rate of water vapor), (b1, b2) Q_CLL (vertically integrated negative local change rate of liquid-phase hydrometeors), (c1, c2) Q_CLA (vertically integrated 3D flux convergence/divergence rate of liquid-phase hydrometeors), (d1, d2) Q_CIL (vertically integrated negative local change rate of ice-phase hydrometeors), (e1, e2) Q_CIA (vertically integrated 3D flux convergence/divergence rate of ice-phase hydrometeor) and P_s/L_SPE

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图 6 D03区域模拟的2006年7月14日13时至15日06时局地暴雨区（a）P_s和（b）L_SPE随时间变化的盒须图。盒子最高点代表 75%分位数，最低点代表 25%分位数，盒子里的黑色实线和实心圆点分别代表中位数和平均值

Figure 6. Time series of box plots of the simulated (D03) (a) P_s and (b) L_SPE in the local heavy rainfall region from 1300 UTC 14 July to 0600 UTC 15 July 2006. The uppermost borders of boxes denote the 75% percentile and the lowermost borders denote the 25% percentile; medians and mean values are denoted by short black solid lines in boxes and solid dots, respectively

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图 7 同图 6，但为（a）Q_WVL、（b）Q_WVA、（c）Q_CLL、（d）Q_CLA、（e）Q_CIL、（f）Q_CIA和（g）Q_WVE随时间变化的盒须图

Figure 7. As in Fig. 6, but for time series of box plots of Q_WVL、(b)Q_WVA、(c)Q_CLL、(d)Q_CLA、(e)Q_CIL、(f)Q_CIA, and (g) Q_WVE (surface evaporation rate)

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图 8 同图 6，但为垂直积分的（a）P_racw、（b）P_gmlt、（c）C_APE和（d）C_R随时间变化的盒须图

Figure 8. As in Fig. 6, but for time series of box plots of vertically-integrated (a) P_racw, (b) P_gmlt, (c) C_APE (vertically-integrated convective available potential energy), and (d) C_R (ratio of ice-phase to liquid-phase hydrometeors)

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表 1 局地暴雨发生前（14日15~17时）和发生时段（14日18时至15日06时）暴雨区（图 1红框所示区域）区域和时间平均的物理量（P_s、L_SPE、Q_WVL、Q_WVA、Q_WVE、Q_WVD、Q_CLL、Q_CLA、Q_CLD、Q_CIL、Q_CIA、Q_CID以及与雨滴相关的云微物理转化率）对比，其中，物理量列表中括号中数值为实际物理量值，括号外数值为将该时段P_s设为100后，物理量的相对数值；与雨滴相关的云微物理转化率物理含义参见表 2

Table 1. Comparisons of regionally and temporally averagedphysical quantities (P_s, L_SPE, Q_WVL, Q_WVA, Q_WVE, Q_WVD, Q_CLL, Q_CLA, Q_CLD, Q_CIL, Q_CIA, Q_CID and raindrop-related microphysical conversion rates)before the occurrence of the local heavy rainfall (from 1500 UTC to 1700 UTC 14July) and during the heavy rainfall period (from 1800 UTC 14 July to 0600 UTC15 July). Values in brackets represent absolute magnitudes of the physicalquantities and values outside represent relative magnitudes of physicalquantities when setting P_s to 100. Physicaldescriptions of the raindrop-related microphysical conversion rates arepresented in Table 2

平均时段	物理量
局地暴雨发生前	P_s = 100（0.65 mm h^-1）	Q_CLL = -29.99（-0.19 mm h^-1）	P_racw = 103.75（0.67 mm h^-1）	-P_iacr = -1.20（0.01 mm h^-1）
(14日15~17时)	L_SPE = 20.2%	Q_CLA = 24.03（0.16 mm h^-1）	P_gmlt = 28.43（0.18 mm h^-1）	-D_gacr = -2.21（0.01 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVL = -343.23（-2.22 mm h^-1）	Q_CLD = -0.41（-0.00 mm h^-1）	Q_sacw = 0.25（0.00 mm h^-1）	-P_sacr = -7.58（0.05 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVA = 461.88（2.99 mm h^-1）	Q_CIL = -20.79（-0.13 mm h^-1）	P_raut = 0.05（0.00 mm h^-1）	-P_gfr = -1.12（0.01 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVD = -1.45（-0.01 mm h^-1）	Q_CIA = 4.80（0.03 mm h^-1）	Q_gacw = 3.45（0.02 mm h^-1）	-W_gacr = 1.51（0.01 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVE = 5.11（0.03 mm h^-1）	Q_CID = 0.04（0.00 mm h^-1）	P_smlt = 2.90（0.02 mm h^-1）	-E_rn = -22.87（-0.15 mm h^-1）
局地暴雨发生时段	P_s = 100（4.92 mm h^-1）	Q_CLL = 0.12（0.01 mm h^-1）	P_racw = 77.15（3.80 mm h^-1）	-P_iacr = -0.56（0.03 mm h^-1）
(14日18时至15日06时)	L_SPE = 79.1%	Q_CLA = -2.97（-0.15 mm h^-1）	P_gmlt = 37.27（1.83 mm h^-1）	-D_gacr = -1.79（0.09 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVL = -6.58（-0.32 mm h^-1）	Q_CLD = -0.16（-0.01 mm h^-1）	Q_sacw = 0.16（0.01 mm h^-1）	-P_sacr = -7.82（0.39 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVA = 123.03（6.06 mm h^-1）	Q_CIL = 1.28（0.06 mm h^-1）	P_raut = 0.02（0.00 mm h^-1）	-P_gfr = -0.81（0.04 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVD = -0.15（-0.01 mm h^-1）	Q_CIA = -16.53（-0.81 mm h^-1）	Q_gacw = 2.03（0.10 mm h^-1）	-W_gacr = 2.76（0.14 mm h^-1）
	Q_WVE = 1.98（0.10 mm h^-1）	Q_CID = -0.01（-0.00 mm h^-1）	P_smlt = 5.32（0.26 mm h^-1）	-E_rn = -9.76（-0.48 mm h^-1）

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表 2 表 1中与雨滴相关的云微物理转化率物理含义

Table 2. Physical descriptions of the raindrop-related microphysical conversion rates in Table 1

雨滴相关的主要云微物理转化率	物理含义
P_racw	雨滴碰并云滴造成雨滴增长
P_gmlt	霰融化造成雨滴增长
Q_sacw	雪碰并云滴转化成雨滴
P_raut	云滴自动转化成雨滴
Q_gacw	霰碰并云滴转化成雨滴
P_smlt	雪融化造成雨滴增长
P_iacr	云冰粘附雨滴造成雪或霰增长
D_gacr	霰碰并雨滴干增长
P_sacr	雪碰并雨滴生成雪或霰
P_gfr	雨滴冻结成霰
W_gacr	霰碰并雨滴湿增长
E_rn	雨滴蒸发
注：S_qr=(Q_sacw+P_raut+P_racw+Q_gacw+P_smlt+P_gmlt)−(P_iacr+D_gacr+P_sacr+P_gfr+ W_gacr+ E_rn)。S_qr表示雨滴收支；等式右边第一个括号里表示雨滴的源，第二个括号里表示雨滴的汇。

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