Numerical Simulation Study on the Microphysical Characteristics of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convections in Northern China based on Aircraft Measurements
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摘要: 基于2009年5月1日积层混合云降水2架飞机观测数据分析，使用中尺度模式WRFV3对此次过程积云区和层云区的微物理特征和转化过程进行数值模拟比较研究。飞机观测数据分析表明，此次积层混合云中的层云区和积云区冰粒子形状和形成过程有明显差别，层云区的粒子形状组成比较复杂，包含针状、柱状和辐枝状等，而积云区主要以辐枝状粒子为主，聚并、凇附过程明显。数值模式能较好地模拟出此次积层混合云降水过程的基本特征，包括回波分布、飞行路径上降水粒子的数浓度和液态水含量等。数值模拟结果表明，云水相对丰富、上升气流强的层云区凇附过程较强，产生的雪在低层融化为雨水，为后期高层形成的雪和霰提供丰富的液态水，能发展成对流较强的积云区，存在播种—供给机制。在积云区，水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（51.9%）、霰（31.0%）和雨水（16.0%）；雪的主要源项包括淞附增长（56.8%）和凝华增长（40.1%），霰的主要源项包括凇附增长（46.6%）、雨水碰并雪成霰（42.6%）和凝华增长（16.1%），雨水的主要源项是霰（77.6%）和雪（22.4%）的融化。而相对云水较少、上升气流较弱的层云区将保持层云的状态，层云区水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（90.4%）、雨水（6.1%）、冰晶（3.5%）；高层冰晶和雪通过凝华过程增长，雪在零度层下融化为弱的降水。Abstract: To characterize the microphysical characteristics and transformation process of stratiform clouds with embedded convections, a study was performed using the WRFV3 model and based on two aircraft measurements taken on May 1, 2009. The aircraft observation results showed that significant differences in the shapes and formation process of ice particles existed between the regions of stratiform cloud and embedded convection. Compared with the embedded convection region, the stratiform cloud featured more complicated shapes of ice crystals, including needle column, capped column, and dendrite types. However, the dendrite-type ice crystals dominated in the embedded convection region, and their growth was controlled by aggregation and riming processes. Overall, the results indicated that the basic characteristics of this stratiform cloud with embedded convections simulated by the WRF model agreed well with the aircraft observations, including cloud distribution, LWC, and numerical concentration on the flight route. The simulation results showed that in the stratiform cloud, with higher cloud water content and larger W, embedded convection could be developed because of a strong riming process. The hydrometeors of snow, graupel, and rainwater in the clouds accounted for 51.9%, 31.0%, and 16.0%, respectively, while cloud ice and cloud water accounted for very little. In the higher level, snow and graupel grew through deposition process. In the lower level, they grew through the riming process and melted into rain. Stratiform clouds with lower cloud water content and smaller W would remain as stratiform cloud. The hydrometeors of snow, rainwater, and cloud ice accounted for 90.4%, 6.1%, and 3.5%, respectively. The ice and snow grew through deposition process and melted into rain in the lower level.
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图 1 2009年5月1日08:00（北京时，下同）500 hPa（a）高度场（黑色；单位：gpm）、温度场（红色；单位：°C）、流场（蓝色风标）以及（b）FY-2C卫星红外图像
Figure 1. (a) The geopotential height (black line, units: gpm), temperature (red line, units: °C) and wind field (blue barb) at 500 hPa and (b) FY-2C satellite infrared images at 0800 BT 1 May, 2009
图 2 2009年5月1日河北省加密气象观测站观测小时降水量（单位：mm）：（a）04:00；（b）08:00；（c）12:00
Figure 2. Hourly rainfall (units: mm) observed by dense meteorological observation stations of Hebei Province at (a) 0400 BT, (b) 0800 BT, and (c) 1200 BT 1 May, 2009
图 3 3830（黑线）、3817（红线）飞机探测时段雷达组合反射率（彩色阴影；单位：dBZ）拼图及两架飞机飞行轨迹
Figure 3. The combined radar reflectivity (color-shaded; units: dBZ) on the flight route of 3830 (black line) and 3817 (red line) aircraft
图 4 （a）3830、（b）3817号飞机飞行路径上的雷达回波（单位：dBZ）
Figure 4. The radar reflectivity (color-shaded) on (a) 3830 (black line), (b) 3817 (red line) flight route
图 5 三层嵌套模拟区域（黑色方框）和地形高度（彩色阴影）
Figure 5. Three-nested domains (black squares) and terrain height (color-shaded)
图 6 2009年5月1日观测（第一行）和模式第一层模拟（第二行）的雷达组合反射率（单位：dBZ）对比分布：（a, d）08:00；（b, e）10:00；（c, f）12:00
Figure 6. The combined reflectivity(units: dBZ) of observation and Domain 1 simulation at (a, d) 0800 BT, (b, e) 1000 BT, (c, f) 1200 BT, May 1, 2009
图 7 2009年5月1日08:00观测和Domain3模拟的张家口探空气象要素曲对比线：（a）温度（单位：°C）；（b）风速（单位：m s−1）；（c）相对湿度
Figure 7. (a) The temperature (units: °C), (b) wind speed (units: m s−1), and (c) the relative humidity profiles of observation and Domain 3 simulation at 0800 BT 1 May, 2009
图 8 08:30～11:00降水粒子图像探头PIP观测和Domain3模拟的粒子数浓度（单位：个 cm−3）随高度分布，散点代表原始观测数据，线条代表100 m平均值
Figure 8. The number concentration on flight route of PIP observation and Domain 3 simulation (units: cm−3) from 0830 BT to 1100 BT; scatter points represent original observed data, and line represent 100 m mean value
图 9 （a）3830、（b）3817两架飞机飞行路径上观测和Domain3模拟的液态水含量（单位：g kg−1）
Figure 9. The liquid water content (units: g kg−1) on the flight route of (a) 3830 and (b) 3817 aircraft
图 10 （a）3830、（b）3817飞机机载PIP观测降水粒子图像
Figure 10. The image of precipitation particles observed by PIP of (a) 3830 and (b) 3817 aircraft
图 11 2009年5月1日（a）02:50和（b）04:00模式Domain3模拟的组合反射率（单位：dBZ）和4个点位置（黑点）
Figure 11. The combined reflectivity (units: dBZ) of simulations and positions of four points at (a) 0250 BT and (b) 0400 BT 1 May, 2009
图 12 2009年5月1日02:50模式Domain3模拟的 A点（左列）和B点（右列）上空水成物及（a、b）垂直速度、（c、d）雪源汇及（e、f）雨水源汇的垂直分布廓线
Figure 12. The vertical distribution of (a, b) aqueous product in the air, vertical velocity, (c, d) snow source, and (e, f) rain source of simulations at 0250 BT 1 May, 2009: Point A (left column), Point B (right column)
图 14 2009年5月1日 04:00 C点上空霰源汇垂直分布廓线
Figure 14. The vertical distribution of graupel source at 0400 BT (Point C) 1 May, 2009
图 15 2009年5月1日04:00 C点和D点上空水成物质量（单位：kg）、该水成物在总水成物中所占比例、各水成物源汇项转化（单位：10−7 kg kg−1 s−1）及该源汇项在总源汇项中所占比例
Figure 15. The aqueous product quality, the proportion of each aqueous product quality in the total aqueous product quality, source-sink transformation of each aqueous product and the proportion of each source-sink transformation in the total source-sink transformation on 0400 BT 1 May, 2009 at (a) Point C and (b) Point D
表 1 两架飞机情况
Table 1. The aircraft parameters and flight time
飞机编号 飞机所属单位 飞机型号 飞行时间 3830 北京人工影响天气办公室 运-12 2009年5月1日08:30～11:34 3817 山西省人工影响天气办公室 运-12 2009年5月1日08:46～11:10 
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表 2 机载仪器参数
Table 2. The aircraft instrumentation and parameters
仪器名称 观测对象 仪器参数 降水粒子图像探头 云粒子图像 62通道，25～1550 μm 云粒子图像探头 降水粒子 62通道，100～6200 μm 热线含水量仪 液水含量 0～5 g m−3 机载云物理探测系统 温、压、湿、风等 −
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表 3 2009年5月1日资料列表
Table 3. The data list of 1st May 2009
资料类型 覆盖区域 飞机资料 北京、山西 常规雷达 北京、张家口、石家庄 区域加密雨量 北京、河北、天津 加密探空 北京、张家口、太原 MICAPS 全国
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