Comparative Analysis of Precipitation Characteristics of the Westward Typhoon Cases “Bilis” and “Sepat” during Landfall under Different Monsoon Intensities
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摘要: 本文使用CMORPH卫星反演降水资料、日本再分析资料JRA-55和FY-2E卫星的云顶亮温（TBB）资料等，选取了登陆前后季风强度差异很大、路径形似且登陆后均在湘南地区引发强降水的0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”和0708号台风“圣帕”，从对流发展的不稳定能量来源、抬升机制和环境风垂直切变方面进行对比，研究季风气流如何影响台风降水强度和分布。分析表明，在下垫面和地形基本一致的情况下，两台风导致强降水的主要成因不同，主要体现在引发对流并使对流维持的主要影响因子不同。与强季风背景密切相关的低层强烈辐合抬升和对流不稳定层结是导致“碧利斯”暴雨形成的主要因素，而弱季风背景下“圣帕”的暴雨则主要是局地地形抬升和斜压不稳定导致的。而且与“圣帕”降水相比，“碧利斯”降水存在明显的非对称性，季风气流可间接通过改变环境风垂直切变导致这种降水分布特征。Abstract: From the aspects of unstable energy sources for convective development, uplifting mechanism, and vertical shear of environmental wind, this work studies how the monsoon flow affects the intensity and distribution of typhoon precipitation. For this, CMORPH (CPC morphing technique) satellite data product obtained from the CPC’s (Climate Prediction Center) morphing technique, JRA-55 (55-year-old Japanese reanalysis products), and TBB (blackbody brightness temperature) data from the FY-2E (FengYun-2E) satellite were used, and the strong monsoon-influenced case 0604 “Bilis” and weak monsoon-influenced case 0708 “Sepat,” which have similar paths and cause heavy precipitation in the southern area of the Hunan Province after landfall, were selected. The analysis showed that with a similar underlying surface and topography, the main causes of heavy precipitation of the two cases are different. This is mainly reflected in the factors that induce and maintain convection. The strong convergent updraft and convective instability under the strong monsoon background were the main factors leading to the heavy rain of “Bilis,” while the rainstorm of “Sepat” was mainly due to the local orographic lift and baroclinic instability under the weak monsoon background. Moreover, the precipitation of “Bilis” was obviously asymmetric, which indicated that the monsoon flow could lead to asymmetric precipitation by changing the vertical shear of the environmental wind indirectly.
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Key words:
- Typhoon /
- Monsoon /
- Precipitation distribution /
- Convective
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图 1 强热带风暴Bilis：（a）2006年7月15日06时500 hPa位势高度场（黑色实线，单位：dagpm）和850 hPa风场（黑色箭头，单位：m s−1）；（b）2006年7月11～19日850 hPa纬向风（单位：m s−1）沿115°E的剖面。台风Sepat：（c）2007年8月19日06时500 hPa位势高度场（黑色实线，单位：dagpm）和850 hPa风场（黑色箭头，单位：m s−1）；（d）2007年8月15～23日850 hPa纬向风（单位：m s−1）沿115°E的剖面。图a、c中，红色线段表示台风路径，红色台风标志表示台风位置，蓝色粗实线表示588 dagpm
Figure 1. Super typhoon Bilis: (a) 500-hPa geopotential height (black solid lines, units: dagpm) and 850-hPa wind (black arrows, units: m·s−1) at 0600 UTC on 15 July 2006; (b) cross section of 850-hPa zonal wind (units: m s−1) along 115°E from 11 July to 19 July 2006. Super typhoon Sepat: (c) 500-hPa geopotential height (black solid lines, units: dagpm) and 850-hPa wind (black arrows, units: m s−1) at 0600 UTC on 19 August 2007; (d) cross section of 850-hPa zonal wind (units: m s−1) along 115°E from 15 August to 23 August 2007. In Figs. a, c, the red lines indicate the typhoon path, the red typhoon signs indicate the typhoon position, and the thick blue solid lines represent 588 dagpm
图 2 （a）2006年7月14日18时Bilis的200 hPa位势高度场（黑色实线，单位：dagpm）、风场（蓝色箭头，单位：m s−1）、散度场（阴影，单位：10−6 s−1），（b）2007年8月20日18时Sepat的200 hPa高度场（黑色实线，单位：dagpm）、风场（蓝色箭头单位：m s−1）、散度场（阴影，单位：10−6 s−1）
Figure 2. (a) 200-hPa geopotential height (black solid lines, units: dagpm), wind (blue arrows, units: m·s−1), and divergence (shadings, units: 10−6 s−1) of Bilis at 1800 UTC on 14 July 2006; (b) 200-hPa geopotential height (black solid lines, units: dagpm), wind (blue arrows, unit: m s−1), and divergence (shadings, units: 10−6 s−1) of Sepat at 1800 UTC on 20 August 2007
图 3 Bilis（a）2006年7月14日06时（登陆时）、（b）2006年7月15日18时（登陆后36 h），Sepat（c）2007年8月18日18时（登陆时），（d）2007年8月20日06时（登陆后36 h）850 hPa水汽通量（阴影、箭头，单位：g s−1 hPa−1 cm−1）
Figure 3. 850-hPa water vapor fluxes (shadings, arrows, units: g s−1 hPa−1 cm−1) of Bilis (a) at 0600 UTC (landfall) on 14 July 2006; (b) at 1800 UTC (36 h after landfall) on 15 July 2006; 850-hPa water vapor fluxes (shadings, arrows, units: g s−1 hPa−1 cm−1) of Sepat (c) at 1800 UTC (landfall) on 18 August 2007; (d) at 0600 UTC (36 h after landfall) on 20 August 2007
图 4 （a）Bilis 2006年7月14日09时至15日09时和（b）Sepat 2007年8月19日07时至22日07时平均降水强度 [单位：mm/(12 h)，由于Sepat降水持续时间长，过程降水量更大，但为了突出Bilis单位时间降水更强，因此图示阶段降水量已换算成每12 h降水量]。灰色线段为台风路径；线段上的数字，以2006071406为例，表示2006年7月14日06时
Figure 4. Average precipitation intensity [units: mm/(12 h)] of (a) Bilis from 0900 UTC on 14 July 2006 to 0900 UTC on 15 July 2006, and (b) Sepat from 0700 July on 19 August 2007 to 0700 July on 22 August 2007. The precipitation of Sepat lasts for a longer time, the process precipitation of Sepat is larger, but to highlight the hourly precipitation of Bilis, the process precipitation has been converted into precipitation per 12 h. The gray line indicates the typhoon path. The numbers on gray lines, taking 2006071406 for example, represent 0600 UTC on 14 July 2006
图 5 （a）2006年7月14日18时Bilis逐小时累积降水量（单位：mm），（b）2007年8月20日18时Sepat逐小时累积降水量（单位：mm），（c）湖南、江西和广东三省地形分布。图a、b中，线段A、B为图8的垂直剖线
Figure 5. Hourly precipitation (units: mm) of (a) Bilis at 1800 UTC on 14 July 2006, (b) Sepat at 1800 UTC on 20 August 2007, (c) topographic map of the Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong provinces. In Figs. a, b, lines A and B are the vertical section lines in Fig. 8
图 6 Bilis 2006年7月（a）13日00时、（b）14日01时、（c）14日16时，Sepat 2007年8月（d）18日06时、（e）19日05时、（f）19日13时逐时相当黑体温度（单位：°C）
Figure 6. Blackbody temperature (units: °C) of Bilis at (a) 0000 UTC on 13 July 2006, (b) 0100 UTC on 14 July 2006, and (c) 1600 UTC on 14 July 2006. Blackbody temperature (units: °C) of Sepat at (d) 0600 UTC on 18 August 2007, (e) 0500 UTC on 19 August 2007, and (f) 1300 UTC on 19 August 2007
图 7 （a）Bilis 2006年7月14日18时沿25.5°N和（b）Sepat 2007年8月20日18时沿26°N假相当位温（等值线，单位：K），合成风矢量[箭头，u（纬向风，单位：m s−1）、−10ω（垂直风，单位：−10−1 Pa s−1）]的高度—经度剖面。红色三角形表示暴雨中心位置
Figure 7. Height–longitude profiles of pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (contours, units: K) and composite wind [arrows, u (zonal wind, units: m s−1), −10ω (vertical wind, units: −10−1 Pa s−1)] of along (a) 25.5°N at 1800 UTC on 14 July 2006, and (b) 26°N at 1800 UTC on 20 August 2007. The red triangles represent the centers of the rainstorm
图 8 （a）Bilis 2006年7月14日18时沿图5a中线段A和（b）Sepat 2007年8月20日18时沿图5b中线段B的合成风矢量[箭头，u、v（经向风，单位：m s−1）、−10ω（垂直风，单位：−10−1 Pa s−1）]，散度（阴影，单位：10−6 s−1）的垂直剖面。红色和蓝色三角形分别表示暴雨和台风中心位置
Figure 8. Composite wind [arrows, u, v (meridional wind, units: m s−1), −10ω (vertical wind, units: −10−1 Pa s−1)] of u, v (meridional wind), −10ω (vector, units: m·s−1) and divergences (shadings, units: 10−6 s−1) along (a) line A in Fig. 5a for Bilis at 1800 UTC on 14 July 2006 and (b) line B in Fig. 5b for Sepat at 1800 UTC on 20 August 2007. The red and blue triangles indicate the location of the rainstorm and typhoon center, respectively
图 9 （a）Bilis 2006年7月14日18时、（b）Sepat 2007年8月20日18时850 hPa假相当位温（单位：K）。红色三角形表示降水中心位置
Figure 9. 850-hPa pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (units: K) for (a) Bilis at 1800 UTC on 14 July 2006 and (b) Sepat 1800 UTC on 20 August 2007. The red triangles indicate the locations of the rainstorm
图 10 （a）2006年7月14日12时Bilis和（b）2007年8月19日00时Sepat逐时降水量（阴影，单位：mm）、距台风中心10°×10°范围内850 hPa风场（箭头，单位：m s−1）。紫（黑）色粗箭头表示850 hPa（200 hPa）平均环境风矢量，红色箭头表示VWS
Figure 10. Hourly precipitation (shadings, units: mm) and 850-hPa wind (arrows, units: m·s−1) in the range of 10°×10° from the typhoon center of (a) Bilis at 1200 UTC on 14 July 2006, and (b) Sepat at 0000 UTC on 19 August 2007. The bold purple (black) arrows represent 850-hPa (200-hPa) average environmental wind vector, and red arrows represent VWS (Vertical wind shear)
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