Comparison of the Dynamic Transport Characteristics of Low Ozone Regions over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to 2020
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摘要: 基于ERA5月平均再分析资料，利用Lorenz环流分解方法从定常和瞬变以及基流和涡旋的角度对比了北极与青藏高原臭氧低值区的动力输送特征。结果表明：动力总输送在两地上平流层作用最强，均使其臭氧浓度降低，且定常输送均强于瞬变输送，纬向与经向输送的作用均大致相反。然而，动力输送在北极地区的作用强度远大于青藏高原地区。北极地区纬向输送使得平流层中上层臭氧浓度降低，平流层下层臭氧浓度升高，经向输送的作用与之相反且强度明显偏弱，二者均主要作用于上平流层。青藏高原地区纬向和经向输送除在上平流层均使得臭氧浓度降低外，二者作用大致相反且强度相当，输送大值区在垂直方向上存在双中心结构，分别位于上平流层与上对流层—下平流层（Upper Troposphere–Lower Stratosphere，简称UTLS）区。两地区纬向和经向输送的差异均主要由定常涡旋输送所造成。青藏高原地区定常与瞬变输送的强度差异没有北极地区大。此外，两地定常和瞬变输送中涡旋对臭氧纬向平均的输送均起到主要作用，体现出涡旋输送在两地臭氧浓度变化的动力输送过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。Abstract: Based on the monthly ERA5 reanalysis datasets, this study considers the mean flows and eddies in stationary or transient transport using the Lorenz circulation decomposition method. The purpose is to compare the dynamic transport characteristics of ozone over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau in detail. Results show that the effect of dynamic transport is strongest in the upper stratosphere of these two regions, which leads to the reduction of ozone. Further analyses indicate that the effect of stationary transport is stronger than that of transient transport and zonal and meridional transports nearly have the opposite effect. However, the intensity of dynamic transport over the Arctic is greater than that over the Tibetan Plateau. Zonal transport over the Arctic results in the reduction of ozone in the upper and middle stratosphere and the increase of ozone in the lower stratosphere, whereas the effect of meridional transport is the opposite and weaker. Both mainly function in the upper stratosphere. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the intensity of zonal transport is the same as that of meridional transport. They nearly have the opposite effect, except for the top of the stratosphere, where both lead to the reduction of ozone. Two centers with the strongest transport are located over the Tibetan Plateau, that is, in the upper stratosphere and the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere. The differences in zonal and meridional transports over these two regions are mainly caused by stationary transport by eddies. The differences in stationary and transient transports over the Tibetan Plateau are smaller than those over the Arctic. Furthermore, the transport of zonal mean ozone by eddies plays a dominant role in stationary and transient transports. Consequently, eddy transport exerts an indispensable influence on the dynamic transport of ozone over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau.
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图 1 2005～2020年OMI观测资料（填色）和ERA5再分析资料（等值线）中北半球多年平均臭氧总量（TCO，单位：DU，1 DU＝2.1415×10−5 kg m−2）水平分布
Figure 1. Horizontal distributions of TCO (Total Column Ozone; units: DU, 1 DU＝2.1415×10−5 kg m−2) averaged during 2005–2020 in the Northern Hemisphere. Shadings: OMI datasets; contours: ERA5 reanalysis datasets
图 2 1979～2020年（a–l）1～12月北极（60°～90°N）TCO（等值线）和臭氧总量纬向偏差TCO*（阴影）逐月水平分布，单位：DU。北极TCO年平均值为352 DU，实线表示年平均值以上，虚线表示年平均值及以下
Figure 2. Monthly horizontal distribution of TCO (contours) and its zonal deviation (TCO*, shadings) over the Arctic (60°–90° N) averaged (a–l) from January to December during 1979–2020, units: DU. The annual average TCO is 352 DU over the Arctic. The solid line denotes above the annual average, and the dotted line denotes the annual average or below
图 3 同图2，但为北半球中低纬（15°～45°N）地区。图中白色实线所围区域表示青藏高原，青藏高原TCO年平均值为285 DU
Figure 3. Same as Fig. 2, but at the mid– and low latitudes (15°–45°N) in the Northern Hemisphere. The area surrounded by the white solid line denotes the Tibetan Plateau, the annual average TCO is 285 DU over the Tibetan Plateau
图 4 1979～2020年（a）北极臭氧低值区（11月至次年1月）和（b）青藏高原臭氧低值区（5～9月）动力输送引起的臭氧浓度局地变化垂直廓线（−D，单位：10−13 kg kg−1 s−1）。红线和蓝线分别表示定常和瞬变总输送，绿线和橙线分别表示纬向和经向总输送，黑线表示动力总输送，虚线为0值参考线
Figure 4. Vertical profiles of ozone change caused by dynamic transport (−D, units: 10−13 kg·kg−1·s−1) over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau during 1979–2020: (a) Low ozone region of the Arctic (in November, December, and January); (b) low ozone region of the Tibetan Plateau (from May to September). The red and blue lines denote stationary and transient transports, the green and orange lines denote zonal and meridional transports, the black lines denote the total dynamic transport, the dashed lines denote a value of 0
图 5 1979～2020年（a、c）11月至次年1月北极和（b、d）5～9月青藏高原臭氧低值区纬向输送引起的臭氧浓度局地变化垂直廓线（−Dx，单位：10−13 kg kg−1 s−1）：（a、b）纬向定常输送−Dx(SF)；（c、d）纬向瞬变输送−Dx(TF)。红线、绿线和蓝线分别表示第SFu2（TFu2）项、第SFu3（TFu3）项和第SFu4（TFu4）项，黑实线表示纬向定常（瞬变）总输送，虚线为0值参考线
Figure 5. Vertical profiles of ozone change caused by zonal transport (−Dx, units: 10−13 kg kg−1 s−1) over the low ozone region of the Arctic in November, December, and January and the low ozone region of the Tibetan Plateau from May to September during 1979–2020: (a, b) Stationary −Dx(SF); (c, d) transient −Dx(TF). The red, green, and blue lines denote SFu2 (TFu2), SFu3 (TFu3), and SFu4 (TFu4), respectively. The black lines denote the total zonal stationary (transient) transport. The dashed lines denote a value of 0
图 6 同图5，但为经向输送（−Dy，单位：10−13 kg kg−1 s−1）。黄线、红线、绿线和蓝线分别表示第SFv1（TFv1）项、第SFv2（TFv2）项、第SFv3（TFv3）项和第SFv4（TFv4）项
Figure 6. Same as Fig. 5, but for meridional transport (−Dy, units: 10−13 kg kg−1 s−1). The orange, red, green, and blue lines denote SFv1 (TFv1), SFv2 (TFv2), SFv3 (TFv3), and SFv4 (TFv4), respectively
表 1 2005～2020年ERA5再分析资料与OMI观测资料TCO（25°～43°N）的逐月相对误差（RE）和相对均方根误差（RRMSE）
Table 1. Monthly relative error (RE) and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of the TCO between ERA5 reanalysis datasets and OMI datasets averaged over 25°–43°N during 2005–2020
逐月相对误差和相对均方根误差 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 RE 2.08% 1.96% 1.83% 1.66% 1.62% 1.76% 1.63% 1.51% 1.56% 1.13% 1.26% 1.72% RRMSE 2.32% 2.20% 2.00% 1.79% 1.79% 2.00% 1.80% 1.62% 1.68% 2.37% 2.99% 2.80% 
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