A Review of Simulation Studies on the Multi-Timescale Evolution of Paleomonsoon

The evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of monsoon systems represent a critical frontier in scientific research. Geological records provide key insights into the dominant factors controlling multi-scale monsoon variability. Previous studies have primarily reviewed paleomonsoon variations based on paleoclimate reconstructions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics and underlying mechanisms of multi-scale paleomonsoon changes, owing to advances in Earth system modeling. However, a systematic synthesis of modeling studies on paleomonsoon multi-timescale variability remains lacking. This paper focuses on recent paleoclimate modeling studies, providing a comprehensive review of key findings and advances in global monsoon variability across orbital, millennial, centennial, and decadal timescales since the late Quaternary. Furthermore, we highlight future research priorities, including investigations into cross-timescale interactions, tipping points in monsoon systems, and the development and application of Earth system models, paleoclimate data assimilation, and machine learning methods. These efforts will enhance our understanding of global monsoon multi-scale variability and improve projections of future monsoon changes.