Cheng, L. J., and Coauthors, 2024: New record ocean temperatures and related climate indicators in 2023. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 41(6), 1068−1082, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5.
Citation: Cheng, L. J., and Coauthors, 2024: New record ocean temperatures and related climate indicators in 2023. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 41(6), 1068−1082, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5.
  • The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities. In 2023, the sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached record highs. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15 ± 10 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules) (updated IAP/CAS data); 9 ± 5 ZJ (NCEI/NOAA data). The Tropical Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the 1950s. Associated with the onset of a strong El Niño, the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of ~0.23°C higher than 2022 and an astounding > 0.3°C above 2022 values for the second half of 2023. The density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.
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